Taxonomic challenges associated with identification guides of benthic macroinvertebrates for biomonitoring freshwater bodies in East Africa: A review

References

• Alexander LC, Delion M, Hawthorne DJ, Lamp WO, Funk DH. 2009. Mitochondrial lineages and DNA barcoding of closely related species in the mayfly genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 28: 584–595. doi: 10.1899/08-150.1
   Google Scholar
• Armitage PD, Moss D, Wright JF, Furse MT. 1983. The performance of a new biological water quality score system based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpolluted running-water sites. Water Research 17: 333–347. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(83)90188-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aura CM, Raburu PO, Herrmann J. 2011. Macro-invertebrates’ community structure in Rivers Kipkaren and Sosiani, River Nzoia basin, Kenya. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 3: 39–46.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey RC, Norris RH, Reynoldson TB. 2001. Taxonomic resolution of benthic macro- invertebrate communities in bio-assessments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20: 280–286. doi: 10.2307/1468322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baptista DF, Buss DF, Egler M, Giovanelli A, Silveira MP, Nessimian JL. 2007. A multimetric index based on benthic macroinvertebrates for evaluation of Atlantic forest streams of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Hydrobiologia 575: 83–94. doi: 10.1007/s10750-006-0286-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber-James HM, Gattolliat J. 2012. How well are AfroTropical mayflies known? Status of current knowledge, practical applications, and future directions. Inland Waters 2: 1–9. doi: 10.5268/IW-2.1.447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakely TJ, Eikaas HS, Harding JS. 2014. The SingScore: a macro-invertebrate biotic index for assessing the health of Singapore’s streams and canals. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 540–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonada N, Prat N, Resh VH, Statzner B. 2006. Developments in aquatic insect biomonitoring: a comparative analysis of recent approaches. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 495–523. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard RW. 2004. Guide to aquatic macro-invertebrates of the Upper Midwest. Water Research Center University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 208.
   Google Scholar
• Brown DS. 1980. Freshwater Snails of Africa and their medical mportance (1st edn). London: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Brown DS. 1994. Fresh water snails of Africa and their medical importance (2nd edn). London: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Buss DF, Carlisle DM, Chon T, Culp J, Harding JS, Keizer-Vlek HE, et al. 2015. Stream bio-monitoring using macro-invertebrates around the globe: a comparison of large-scale programs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187: 1–21. doi: 10.1007/s10661-014-4132-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carew ME, Pettigrove V, Hoffmann AA. 2003. Identifying chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) for biological monitoring with PCR-RFLP. Bulletin of Entomological Research 93: 483–490. doi: 10.1079/BER2003268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carew ME, Pettigrove V, Cox RL, Hoffmann AA. 2007. DNA identification of urban Tanytarsini chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26: 587–600. doi: 10.1899/06-120.1
   Google Scholar
• Chapman LJ, Schneider KR, Apodaca C, Chapman CA. 2004. Respiratory Ecology of Macro-invertebrates in a Swamp–River System of East Africa. Biotropica 36: 572–585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chutter FM. 1972. An empirical biotic index of the quality of water in South African streams and rivers. Water Research 6: 19–30. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(72)90170-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke RT, Wright JF, Furse MT. 2003. RIVPACS models for predicting the expected macro-invertebrate fauna and assessing the ecological quality of rivers. Ecological Modelling 160: 219–233. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00255-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook SEK. 1976. Quest for an index of community structure sensitive to water pollution. Environmental Pollution 11: 269–288. doi: 10.1016/0013-9327(76)90067-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumberlidge N. 2011. Chapter 6. Freshwater crabs of Africa: diversity, distribution, and conservation. In Darwall WRT, Smith KG, Allen DJ, Holland RA, Harrison IJ, Brooks EGE (Eds). The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species throughout Mainland Africa. Switzerland: IUCN, Cambridge, UK and Gland. pp 178–199.
   Google Scholar
• Darwall W, Smith K., Lowe T, Vié, J-C. 2005. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Eastern Africa. 36 pp. IUCN SSC Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment Programme. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Day JA, Stewart BA, de Moor IJ, Louw AE (Eds). 2001. Guides to freshwater invertebrates of South Africa. Volume 2: Crustacea III. Bathynellacea, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Spelaeogriphacea, Tanaidacea, Decapoda. 141 pp. Prepared for the Water Research Commission. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Day JA, Harrison AD, De Moor IJ (Eds). 2002. Guides to freshwater invertebrates of South Africa. Volume 9: Diptera. 210 pp. Prepared for the Water Research Commission. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Dean JC. 2011. A key to Australian genera of mayfly nymphs of the family Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). Presented at TRIN workshop, La Trobe University, February 2011. Wodonga, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University, Murray Darling Freshwater Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• de Moor IJ, Day JA (Eds). 2002. Guides to freshwater invertebrates of South Africa. Volume 6: Arachnida and Mollusca - Araneae, Water mites and mollusca. Prepared for the Water Research Commission, 303 pp. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• de Moor IJ, Day JH, de Moor FC (Eds). 2003a. Guides to the Freshwater Invertebrates of southern Africa. Volume 7: Insecta. 1: Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Plecoptera. 288 pp. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• de Moor IJ, Day JH, de Moor FC (Eds). 2003b. Guides to the Freshwater Invertebrates of southern Africa. Volume 8: Insecta II: Hemiptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. 209 pp. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• De Pau N, Vanhooren G. 1983. Method for biological quality assessment of water courses in Belgium. Hydrobiologia 100: 153–168. doi: 10.1007/BF00027428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra KDB, Clausnitzer V. 2014. The Dragonflies and Damselflies of Eastern Africa: Handbook for all Odonata from Sudan to Zimbabwe. Studies in Afrotropical Zoology 298. 263 pp. Tervuren, Belgium: Royal Museum for Central Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Elias JD, Ijumba JN, Mamboya FA. 2014a. Effectiveness and Compatibility of Non-Tropical Bio-Monitoring Indices for Assessing Pollution in Tropical Rivers - A Review. International Journal of Ecosystems 4: 128–134.
   Google Scholar
• Elias JD, Ijumba JN, Mgaya YD, Mamboya FA. 2014b. Study on Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Some Tanzanian Rivers as a Basis for Developing Bio-monitoring Index for Assessing Pollution in Tropical African Regions. 8 pp. Journal of Ecosystems Vol. 2014, article ID 985389.
   Google Scholar
• Epler JH. 1995. Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. Revised edition. Tallahassee (FL): Florida Department of Environmental Protection.
   Google Scholar
• Fikri AH, Shian AAC, Harun S, Hee KB. 2016. Biomonitoring of streams: Using Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) in responses to the different types of land use at Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia. Borneo Science 37: 23–36.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman P. 1955. A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. Part I. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 4: 1–67.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman P. 1956. A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. Part II. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 4: 285–368.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman P. 1957. A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. Part III. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 5: 321–426.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman P. 1958. A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. Part IV. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 6: 261–363.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber A, Gabriel MJM. 2002. Aquatic Invertebrates of South African Rivers - Illustrations version 2. 14 pp. Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Institute for water quality studies.
   Google Scholar
• Gichana Z, Njiru M, Raburu PO, Masese FO. 2015. Effects of human activities on benthic macroinvertebrate community composition and water quality in the u pper catchment of the Mara River Basin, Kenya. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 20: 128–137. doi: 10.1111/lre.12094
   Google Scholar
• Gill K. 2008. Identification Guide to Fresh Water Macro-invertebrates. Pennsylvania, USA. Stroud Water Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Gooderham J, Tsyrlin E. 2002. The Waterbug book: A guide to freshwater invertebrates of temperate Australia. Australia: CSIRO.
   Google Scholar
• Greenaway P. 2001. The Crustacea. In Anderson DT (Ed.). Invertebrate zoology. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp 292–324.
   Google Scholar
• Gresens S, Smith R, Kenney M, Sutton-Grier A. 2009. Benthic macro-invertebrates as indicators of water quality: The intersection of science and policy. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 2: 99–128. doi: 10.1163/187498209X12525675906077
   Google Scholar
• Healy JM. 2001. The Mollusca. In Anderson DT (Ed.). Invertebrate zoology. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp 120–170.
   Google Scholar
• Hering D, Buffagni A, Moog O, Sandin L, Sommerhäuser M, Stubauer I, et al. 2003. The Development of a System to Assess the Ecological Quality of Streams Based on Macro-invertebrates – Design of the Sampling Programme within the AQEM Project. International Review of Hydrobiology 88: 345–361. doi: 10.1002/iroh.200390030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson TH, Solbe J, Kloepper-Sams PJ. 1998. Analysis of the Acetoc Aquatic Toxicity (EAT) Database iii - Comparative Toxicity of Chemical Substances to different Life Stages of Aquatic Organisms. Chemosphere 36: 129–142. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10025-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 1979. Assessment of the biological quality of rivers by a macro-invertebrate ‘score’. 18 pp. Berlin, Germany: ISO/TC 147/SC 5/WG 6 N 5.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen D, Cressa C, Mathooko JM, Dudgeon D. 2008. Macro-invertebrates: Composition, Life Histories and Production. pp 65–105. In: Dudgeon D (Ed.), Tropical Stream Ecology. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Janion C, Bedos A, Bengtsson J, Deharveng L, Jansen van Vuuren B, Leinaas HP, Liu A, Malmström A, Porco D, Chown SL. 2011. Springtail diversity in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 107: 11–12. doi: 10.4102/sajs.v107i11/12.582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson KA. 1992. A catalogue of the caddisflies of East Africa (Insecta, Trichoptera). Steenstrupia 18: 113–141.
   Google Scholar
• Jones FC. 2008. Taxonomic sufficiency: the influence of taxonomic resolution on freshwater bio-assessments using benthic macroinvertebrates. Environmental Reviews 16: 45–69. doi: 10.1139/A07-010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JR, Tracy BH, Sebaugh JL, Hazelwood DH, Smart MM. 1981. Biotic index testing for ability to assess water quality of Missouri Ozark streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110: 627–637. doi: 10.1577/1548-8659(1981)110<627:BITFAT>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasangaki A, Chapman LJ, Balirwa J. 2008. Land use and the ecology of benthic macro-invertebrate assemblages of high-altitude rainforest streams in Uganda. Freshwater Biology 54: 681–697. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01925.x
   Google Scholar
• Kashindye BB, Nsindap, Kayanda R, Ngupula GW, Mashafi CA, Ezekiel CN. 2015. Environmental impacts of cage culture in Lake Victoria: the case of Shirati BaySota, Tanzania. SpringerPlus 4: 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1241-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirk-Spriggs AH, Sinclair BJ (Eds). 2017. Manual of Afrotropical Diptera, Vol. 2. Nematocerous Diptera and lower Brachycera. Suricata 5. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Kobingi N, Raburu PO, Masese FO, Gichuki J. 2009. Assessment of pollution impacts on the ecological integrity of the Kisian and Kisat rivers in Lake Victoria drainage basin, Kenya. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 3: 97–107.
   Google Scholar
• Kolwitz R, Marsson M. 1909. Ecology of animal saprobia. pp 85–95. In: Keup LE, Ingram WM, Mackenthun KM (Eds). Biology of water pollution. US Department of the Interior.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger A. 2006. Guide to blackflies of the Simulium damnosum complex in eastern and southern Africa. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 20: 60–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenat DR, Resh VH. 2001. Taxonomy and Stream Ecology: The Benefits of Genus- and Species-Level Identifications. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20: 287–298. doi: 10.2307/1468323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LVBC. 2011. A study of aquatic biodiversity in the Lake Victoria basin. Kenya: ACTs Press, African Centere Technology Studies, Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC), 120 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Li F, Cai Q, Jiang W, Qu X. 2012. The response of benthic macro-invertebrate communities to climate change: evidence from subtropical mountain streams in Central China. International Review of Hydrobiology 3: 200–214. doi: 10.1002/iroh.201111489
   Google Scholar
• Li L, Zheng B, Liu L. 2010. Biomonitoring and Bioindicators Used for River Ecosystems: Definitions, Approaches and Trends. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2: 1510–1524. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.164
   Google Scholar
• Macan TT. 1977. A guide to freshwater invertebrate animals. London: Longman publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Mandahl-Barth G. 1954. The Freshwater Mollusks of Uganda and Adjacent Territories. Belgique: Tervuren. 206 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mandahl-Barth G. 1958. Intermediate hosts of Schistosoma; African Biomphalaria and Bulinus. Monograph 37. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Mandahl-Barth G. 1973. A field guide to African freshwater snails. 2. East African species. Carlottenlund, Denmark: Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Mandahl-Barth G. 1988. Studies on African freshwater bivalves. Carlottenlund, Denmark: Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Mason WT, Lewis PA, Weber CI. 1985. An evaluation of benthic macro-invertebrate biomass methodology. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 5: 399–422. doi: 10.1007/BF00399468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matagi SV. 1996. The effect of pollution on benthic macroinvertebrates in a Ugandan stream. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 137: 537–549.
   Google Scholar
• Mathooko JM. 1998. Mayfly diversity in East Africa. African Journal of Ecology 36: 368–370. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.00135.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Sanz C, Puente-García SM, Rebolledo ER, Jiménez- Prado P. 2014. Macro-invertebrate Richness Importance in Coastal Tropical Streams of Esmeraldas (Ecuador) and Its Use and Implications in Environmental Management Procedures. International Journal of Ecology 2014: 1–11. doi: 10.1155/2014/253134
   Google Scholar
• Masese FO, Raburu PO. 2017. Improving the performance of the EPT Index to accommodate multiple stressors in Afrotropical streams. African Journal of Aquatic Science 42: 219–233. doi: 10.2989/16085914.2017.1392282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzoni AC, Lanzer R, Schafer A. 2014. Tolerance of benthic macroinvertebrates to organic enrichment in highland streams of northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 26: 119–128. doi: 10.1590/S2179-975X2014000200003
   Google Scholar
• McCafferty WP. 1998. Aquatic entomology: The fisherman’s and ecologist’s illustrated guide to insects and their relatives. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlet.
   Google Scholar
• M’Erimba CM, Mathooko JM, Karanja HT, Mbaka JG (2014). Monitoring water and habitat quality in six rivers draining the Mt. Kenya and Aberdare Catchments using Macroinvertebrates and Qualitative Habitat Scoring. Egerton Journal of Science and Technology 14: 81–104.
   Google Scholar
• Merritt RW, Cummins KW. 1978. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America (2nd edn). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/ Hunt.
   Google Scholar
• Merritt RW, Cummins KW. 1984. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America (2nd edn). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
   Google Scholar
• Merritt RW, Cummins KW. 1996. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America (3rd edn.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
   Google Scholar
• Merritt RW, Cummins KW. 1997. An Introduction to Aquatic Insects of North America (3rd edn). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe JL. 1989. Biological water quality assessment of running waters based on macroinvertebrate communities: history and present status in Europe. Environmental Pollution 60: 101–139. doi: 10.1016/0269-7491(89)90223-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muralidharan M, Selvakumar C, Sundar S, Raja M. 2010. Macro-invertebrates as Potential Indicators of Environmental Quality. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 1 (Special Issue): 23–28.
   Google Scholar
• Nabirye H, Mwebaza-Ndawula L, Bugenyi FWB, Muyodi FJ. 2016. The evaluation of cage fishfarming effects on water quality using selected benthic macro-invertebrate community parameters in the napoleon gulf, northern Lake Victoria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4: 42–50.
   Google Scholar
• Nalugwa A, Jørgensen A, Nyakaana S, Kristensen TK. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of Bulinus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) reveals the presence of three species complexes in the Albertine Rift freshwater bodies. International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2: 130–139.
   Google Scholar
• NEMA. 2016. State of the Environment Report for Uganda 2014. Kampala, Uganda: National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). A guide to the study of fresh-water biology (4th edn). Francisco: Holden Day Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Nilson A (Ed.). 1996. Aquatic Insects of North Europe. A taxonomic Handbook Vol. 1. Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Heterotera-Neuroptera- Megaloptera-Coleoptera-Trichoptera-Lepidoptera. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books Aps.
   Google Scholar
• Nilson A (Ed.). 1997. Aquatic Insects of North Europe. A taxonomic Handbook Vol 2. Odonata-Diptera. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books Aps.
   Google Scholar
• Nyakora OJ. 2016. Is the Sosiani river healthy? Investigating the relationship between water quality indicators and macro-invertebrate assemblages in the Sosiani River. International Journal of Geography and Geology 5: 259–280. doi: 10.18488/journal.10/2016.5.12/10.12.259.280
   Google Scholar
• Ochieng H, de Ruyter van Steveninck ED, Wanda FM. 2008. Mouthpart deformities in Chironomidae (Diptera) as indicators of heavy metal pollution in northern Lake Victoria, Uganda. African Journal of Aquatic Science 33: 135–142. doi: 10.2989/AJAS.2008.33.2.4.501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odong R. 2003. The taxonomy and distribution of Chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Murchison Bay, Lake Victoria. MSc thesis, Makerere University, Uganda.
   Google Scholar
• Ojija F, Gebrehiwot M, Kilimba N. 2017. Assessing Ecosystem Integrity And Macroinvertebrates Community Structure: Towards Conservation Of Small Streams In Tanzania. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research 6: 148–155.
   Google Scholar
• OPEP and AH. 2013. Environmental and Social Impact statement for the proposed Lubilia small hydropower station in the villages of Kihondo I, Kihondo II and Busyangwa, Kyikyo parish, Ihandiro sub-county, Kasese District. Main report prepared by OPEP Consulting Ltd and AH Consulting for Lubilia Kawembe Hydro Limited. 233 pp. Kampala, Uganda: Atacama Consulting.
   Google Scholar
• Pennak RW. 1953. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States. New York, USA: The Ronald Press Company.
   Google Scholar
• Pennak RW. 1978. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Pennak RW. 1989. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States (3rd edn). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Persoone G, De Pauw N. 1979. Systems of biological indicators for water quality assessment. In: Ravera O. (Ed.). Biological Aspects of Freshwater Pollution. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp 39–75.
   Google Scholar
• Pinder LC, Ladle M. Gledhill T, Bass JAB, Matthews AM. 1987. Biological surveillance of water quality-1. A comparison of macro-invertebrate surveillance methods in relation to assessment of water quality, in a chalk stream. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 109: 207–226.
   Google Scholar
• Plam M, Jørgensen A, Kristensen TK, Madsen H. 2008. Sympatric Biomphalaria species (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Lake Albert, Uganda, show homoplasies in shell morphology. African Zoology 43: 34–44. doi: 10.3377/1562-7020(2008)43[34:SBSGPI]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt JM, Coler RA. 1976. A procedure for the routine biological evaluation of urban runoff in small rivers. Water Research 10: 1019–1025. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(76)90083-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prika PK, Prasanth KM, Sreejesh KK, Thomas TP. 2013. Aquatic Macroinvertebrates as Bio-indicators of Stream Water Quality-A Case Study in Koratty, Kerala, India. Research Journal of Recent Sciences 2: 217–222.
   Google Scholar
• Quigley M. 1977. Invertebrates of streams and rivers: a key to identification. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Resh VH, Myers MJ, Hannaford MJ. 1996. Macro-invertebrates as indicators of environmental quality. In: Hauer FR, Lamberti GA (Eds), Methods in stream ecology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp 647–667.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Kloiber A, Graf W, Lorenz A, Moog O. 2006. The AQEM/ STAR taxalist – a pan-European macro-invertebrate ecological database and taxa inventory. Hydrobiologia 566: 325–342. doi: 10.1007/s10750-006-0086-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Kloiber A, Hering D. 2015. www.freshwaterecology.info - An online tool that unifies, standardises and codifies more than 20,000 European freshwater organisms and their ecological preferences. Ecological Indicators 53: 271–282. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholtz CH, Holm E. 1985. Insects of Southern Africa. Durban: Butterworths.
   Google Scholar
• Sekiranda BK, Okot-Okumu J, Bugenyi FWB, Ndawula LM, Gandhi P. 2004. Variation in composition of macro-benthic invertebrates as an indication of water quality status in three bays in Lake Victoria. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 9: 396–411.
   Google Scholar
• Sharley DJ, Pettigrove V, Parsons YM. 2004. Molecular identification of Chironomus spp.(Diptera) for bio-monitoring of aquatic ecosystems. Australian Journal of Entomology 43: 359–365. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2004.00417.x
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair CS, Gresens SE. 2008. Discrimination of Cricotopus species (Diptera: Chironomidae) by DNA barcoding. Bulletin of Entomological Research 98: 555–563. doi: 10.1017/S0007485308005865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sladecek V. 1973. System of water quality from biological point of view. Archiv für Hydrobiologie–Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie 7: 1–218.
   Google Scholar
• Stals R, de Moor IJ (Eds). 2007. Guides to freshwater invertebrates of South Africa. Volume 10: Coleoptera. 263 pp. Prepared for the Water Research Commission. WRC Report No. TT 320/07. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Stark JD. 1985. A macro-invertebrate community index of water quality for stony streams. Water and Soil Miscellaneous Publication 87 (p. 53). Wellington, New Zealand: National Water and Soil Conservation Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Suhaila AH, Salmah MR. 2017. Application of aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) in water quality assessment of Malaysian headwater. Tropical Life Sciences Research 28: 143–162. doi: 10.21315/tlsr2017.28.2.11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczerbińska N, Gałczyńska M. 2015. Biological methods used to assess surface water quality. Archives of Polish Fisheries 23: 185–196. doi: 10.1515/aopf-2015-0021
   Google Scholar
• Tachet H, Richoux P, Bournaud M, Usseglio-Polaterap. 2000. Invertebrates of freshwater. Systematics, biology, ecology. 587 pp. Paris, France: CNRS Editions.
   Google Scholar
• Thirion C, Mocke A, Woest R. 1995. Biological Monitoring of Streams and Rivers using SASS4: A User Manual. Report number N 0000⁄00⁄REQ⁄1195. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute of Water Quality Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Tumwesigye C, Kizito SY, Makanga B. 2001. Structure and composition of benthic macro-invertebrates of a tropical forest stream, River Nyamweru, Western Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 38: 72–77. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00212.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Biervliet O, Wiśniewski K, Daniels J, Vonesh JR. 2009. Effects of Teaplantations on Stream Invertebrates in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot in Africa. Biotropica 41: 469–475. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00504.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venter HJ, Bezuidenhout CC. 2016. DNA-based identification of aquatic invertebrates – useful in the South African context? South African Journal of Science 112: 1–4. doi: 10.17159/sajs.2016/20150444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters DM, Ford MA, Zuellig RE. 2017. A digital reference collection for aquatic macro-invertebrates of North America. Freshwater Science 36: 693–697. doi: 10.1086/694539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandera DA, Mukhwana MN. 2016. Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 5: 207–214. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11
   Google Scholar
• Watts CHS. 1998. Preliminary guide to the identification of adult and larval dytiscidae and adult aquatic hydrophilidae (Insecta: Coleaoptera). Australia, NSW: Thurgoona.
   Google Scholar
• Wenn CL. 2008. Do freshwater macro-invertebrates reflect water quality improvements following the removal of point source pollution from Spen Beck, West Yorkshire? Earth and Environment 3: 369–406.
   Google Scholar
• Wiederholm T (Ed.). 1983. Chironomidae of the holarctic region, keys and diagnoses, Part 1. Larvae. Sweden: Borgströms Tryckeri, Motala.
   Google Scholar
• Wilhm JK, Dorris TC. 1968. Biological parameters for water quality criteria. BioScience 18: 477–481. doi: 10.2307/1294272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahradkova S, Brabec K, Moog O. 2004. Integration of the saprobic system into the European Union Water Framework Directive – Case studies in Austria, Germany and Czech Republic. Hydrobiologia 516: 285–298. doi: 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000025271.90133.4d
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X, Kjer KM, Morse JC. 2007. Associating larvae and adults of Chinese Hydropsychidae caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) using DNA sequences. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26: 719–742. doi: 10.1899/06-089.1
   Google Scholar