References
- Aguirre-Fey D, Benítez-Villa GE, Pérez-Ponce de León G, Rubio-Godoy M. 2015. Population dynamics of Cichlidogyrus spp. and Scutogyrus sp. (Monogenea) infecting farmed tilapia in Veracruz, México. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 443: 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.03.004.
- Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (ESRD). 2014. Environmental quality guidelines for Alberta surface waters. Water Policy Branch, Policy Division. Edmonton. https://open.alberta.ca/publications/9781460138731. [Accessed 14 November 2019].
- Apeagyei E, Bank MS, Spengler JD. 2011. Distribution of heavy metals in road dust along an urban-rural gradient in Massachusetts. Atmospheric Environment 45: 2310–2323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.015.
- Avenant-Oldewage A, Marx HM. 2000. Bioaccumulation of chromium, copper and iron in the organs and tissues of Clarias gariepinus in the Olifants River, Kruger National Park. Water SA 26: 569–582.
- Bagge AM, Valtonen ET. 1996. Experimental study on the influence of paper and pulp mill effluent on the gill parasite communities of roach (Rutilus rutilus). Parasitology 112: 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000076964.
- Bayoumy EM, Osman HAM, EL-Bana LF, Hassanian MA. 2008. Monogenean parasites as bioindicators for heavy metals status in some Egyptian Red Sea fishes. Global Veterinaria 2: 117–222.
- Biswas JK, Pramanik S. 2017. Assessment of aquatic environmental quality using Gyrodactylus spp. as a living probe: Parasitic biomonitoring of ecosystem health. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research 4: 219–226.
- Bush AO, Lafferty KD, Lotz JM, Shostak AW. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. The Journal of Parasitology 83: 575–583. https://doi.org/10.2307/3284227.
- Chapman LJ, Lanciani CA, Chapman CA. 2000. Ecology of a diplozoon parasite on the gills of the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri. African Journal of Ecology 38: 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00252.x.
- Coetzee PP. 1993. Determination and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Hartbeespoort Dam by sequential chemical extraction. Water SA 19: 291–300.
- Crafford D, Avenant-Oldewage A. 2010. Bioaccumulation of non-essential trace metals in tissues and organs of Clarias gariepinus (sharptooth catfish) from the Vaal River system - strontium, aluminium, lead and nickel. Water SA 36: 621–640. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v36i5.61996.
- Crafford D, Luus-Powell W, Avenant-Oldewage A. 2014. Monogenean parasites from fishes of the Vaal Dam, Gauteng Province, South Africa I. Winter survey versus summer survey comparison from Labeo capensis (Smith, 1841) and Labeo umbratus (Smith, 1841) hosts. Acta Parasitologica 59: 17–24. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-014-0205-7.
- Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 1996. South African Water Quality Guidelines (1st edn.) Volume 7: Aquatic Ecosystems. Pretoria: DWAF
- Douëllou L. 1993. Monogeneans of the genus Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960 (Dactylogyridae: Ancyrocephalinae) from cichlid fishes of Lake Kariba (Zimbabwe) with descriptions of five new species. Systematic Parasitology 25: 159–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007007.
- El-Naggar MM, Khidr AA. 1986. Population dynamics of cichlidogyrid monogeneans from the gills of three Tilapia spp. from Damietta branch of the River Nile in Egypt. Proceedings of the Zoological Society AR Egypt 12: 275–286.
- European Union. 2008. Environmental Quality Standards Applicable to Surface Water. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0105. [Accessed 14 November 2019]
- Gheorgiu C, Cable J, Marcogliese DJ, Scott ME. 2007. Effects of waterborne zinc on reproduction, survival and morphometrics of Gyrodactylus turnbulli (Monogenea) on guppies (Poecilia reticulata). International Journal for Parasitology 37: 375–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.09.004.
- Gilbert BM, Avenant-Oldewage A. 2014. Arsenic, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, selenium and zinc in the tissues of the largemouth yellowfish, Labeobarbus kimberleyensis (Gilchrist and Thompson, 1913), from the Vaal Dam, South Africa, and associated consumption risks. Water SA 40: 739–747. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v40i4.19.
- Gilbert BM, Avenant-Oldewage A. 2016a. Effects of altered water quality and trace elements on the infection variables of Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) from two sites in the Vaal River system, South Africa. Acta Parasitologica 61: 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1515/ap-2016-0005.
- Gilbert BM, Avenant-Oldewage A. 2016b. Hatchability and survival of oncomiracidia of Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) exposed to aqueous aluminium. Parasites & Vectors 9: 420. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1706-z.
- Gilbert BM, Avenant-Oldewage A. 2017. Parasites and pollution: the effectiveness of tiny organisms in assessing the quality of aquatic ecosystems, with a focus on Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 24: 18742–18769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9481-8.
- Hanzelová V, Žıtňan R. 1985. Epizootiologic importance of the concurrent monogenean invasion in carp. Helminthologia 22: 277–283.
- Höglund J, Thulin J. 1989. Thermal effects on the seasonal dynamics of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky and Nagibina, 1959) parasitizing roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.). Journal of Helminthology 63: 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X0000883X.
- Hwang HM, Fiala MJ, Park D, Wade TL. 2016. Review of pollutants in urban road dust and stormwater runoff: part 1. Heavy metals released from vehicles. International Journal of Urban Sciences 20: 334–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2016.1193041.
- Igeh PC, Dos Santos QM, Avenant-Oldewage A. 2017. Redescription of Cichlidogyrus philander (Monogenea, Ancyrocephalidae) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular analysis. Parasite 24: 49. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017046.
- Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Raknuzzaman M, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Islam MK. 2015. Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country. Ecological Indicators 48: 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.016.
- Jerônimo GT, Speck GM, Cechinel MM, Gonçalves ELT, Martins ML. 2011. Seasonal variation on the ectoparasitic communities of Nile tilapia cultured in three regions in southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 71: 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842011000300005.
- Khan RA, Thulin J. 1991. Influence of pollution on parasites of aquatic animals. Advances in Parasitology 30: 201–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60309-7.
- Khidr AA, Said AE, Abu Samak OA, Sheref SEA. 2012. The impacts of ecological factors on prevalence, mean intensity and seasonal changes of the monogenean gill parasite, Microcotyloides sp. infesting the Terapon puta fish inhabiting coastal region of Mediterranean Sea at Damietta region. Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology 65: 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2012.06.003.
- Koskivaara M. 1992. Environmental factors affecting monogeneans parasitic on freshwater fishes. Parasitology Today (Personal Ed.) 8: 339–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(92)90069-E.
- le Roux LE, Avenant-Oldewage A, van der Walt FC. 2011. Aspects of the ecology of Cichlidogyrus philander collected from Pseudocrenilabrus philander philander from the Padda Dam, Gauteng, South Africa. African Zoology 46: 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2011.11407484.
- Madanire-Moyo GN, Luus-Powell WJ, Olivier PAS. 2012. Diversity of metazoan parasites of the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852), as indicators of pollution in the Limpopo and Olifants River systems. The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 79: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.362.
- Morley NJ, Costa HH, Lewis JW. 2010. Effects of a chemically polluted discharge on the relationship between fecundity and parasitic infections in the chub (Leuciscus cephalus) from a river in southern England. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58: 783–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9386-8.
- Munkittrick KR, McGeachy SA, McMaster ME, Courtenay SC. 2002. Overview of freshwater fish studies from the pulp and paper environmental effects monitoring program. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 37: 49–77. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.005.
- Nwajei GE, Dibofori-Orji AN, Iwebgue CMA, Ojuh BO. 2014. Distribution of trace elements in surface water and sediments from Crayford Creek in Warri, Delta State of Nigeria. Academic Research International 5: 123–134.
- Ochieng EZ, Lalah JO, Wandiga SO. 2007. Analysis of heavy metals in water and surface sediment in five Rift Valley lakes in Kenya for assessment of recent increase in anthropogenic activities. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 79: 570–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9286-4.
- Otachi EO, Körner W, Avenant-Oldewage A, Fellner-Frank C, Jirsa F. 2014. Trace elements in sediments, blue spotted tilapia Oreochromis leucostictus (Trewavas, 1933) and its parasite Contracaecum multipapillatum from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, including a comprehensive health risk analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 21: 7339–7349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2602-8.
- Palm HW, Rückert S. 2009. A new approach to visualize ecosystem health by using parasites. Parasitology Research 105: 539–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1423-z.
- Palm HW, Kleinertz S, Rückert S. 2011. Parasite diversity as an indicator of environmental change? An example from tropical grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) mariculture in Indonesia. Parasitology 138: 1793–1803. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182011000011.
- Paperna I. 1996. Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa - an update. CIFA Technical Paper No. 31. Rome: FAO.
- Professional Grave Solutions (PGS) Heritage. 2015. Heritage Impact Assessment: Proposed Development at Westdene Dam Portion 33 of the farm Braamfontein 53 IR, City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng Province. Professional Grave Solutions (Pty) Ltd T/A PGS Heritage & Grave Relocation Consultants, Reg No 2003/008940/07. URL: http://newla.co.za/uploads/879.pdf. [Accessed 4 November 2019].
- Pietrock M, Marcogliese DJ. 2003. Free-living endohelminth stages: at the mercy of environmental conditions. Trends in Parasitology 19: 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00117-X.
- Pilecka-Rapacz M, Piasecki W, Czerniawski R, Sługocki Ł, Krepski T, Domagała J. 2015. The effect of warm discharge waters of a power plant on the occurrence of parasitic Metazoa in freshwater bream, Abramis brama (L.). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 35: 94–103.
- Poléo ABS, Schjolden J, Hansen H, Bakke TA, Mo TA, Rosseland BO, Lydersen E. 2004. The effects of various metals on Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) infections in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Parasitology 128: 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182003004396.
- Rauch S, Morrison GM. 1999. Platinum uptake by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus in urban rivers. The Science of the Total Environment 235: 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00203-X.
- Raymond KMN, Chapman L, Lanciani CA. 2006. Host, macrohabitat and microhabitat specificity in the gill parasite Afrodiplozoon polycotyleus (Monogenea). The Journal of Parasitology 92: 1211–1217. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-621R.1.
- Sanchez-Ramirez G, Vidal-Martínez VM, Aguirre-Macedo ML, Rodriguez-Canul RP, Gold-Bouchot G, Sures B. 2007. Cichlidogyrus sclerosus (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalinae) and its host, the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as bioindicators of chemical pollution. The Journal of Parasitology 93: 1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-1162R.1.
- Šebelová Š, Kuperman B, Gelnar M. 2002. Abnormalities of the attachment clamps of representatives of the family Diplozoidae. Journal of Helminthology 76: 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1079/JOH2002133.
- Siddall R, Koskivaara M, Valtonen ET. 1997. Dactylogyrus (Monogenea) infections on the gills of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) experimentally exposed to pulp and paper mill effluent. Parasitology 114: 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003118209600875X.
- Soleng A, Poleo ABS, Bakke TA. 2005. Toxicity of aqueous aluminium to the ectoparasitic monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 250: 616–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.05.006.
- Sorensen EM. 1991. Metal Poisoning in Fish. Florida: CRC Press.
- Sures B. 2001. The use of fish parasites as bioindicators of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems: a review. Aquatic Ecology 35: 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011422310314.
- Sures B. 2004. Environmental Parasitology: relevancy of parasites in monitoring environmental pollution. Trends in Parasitology 20: 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2004.01.014.
- Sures B. 2005. Effects of pollution on parasites and use of parasites in pollution monitoring. (p 421–425). In: Rhode K (Ed.), Marine Parasitology. United Kingdom: CABI Publishing.
- Sures B, Nachev M, Selbach C, Marcogliese DJ. 2017. Parasite responses to pollution: what we know and where we go in ‘Environmental Parasitology’. Parasites and Vectors 10: 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2001-3.
- Thulin J, Höglund J, Lindesjöö E. 1988. Diseases and parasites of fish in a bleached kraft mill effluent. Water Science Technology 20: 179–180. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0063.
- Tuna AL, Yilmaz F, Demirak A, Ozdemir N. 2007. Sources and distribution of trace metals in the Saricay stream basin of southwestern Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 125: 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9238-1.
- Wei C, Morrison GM. 1994. Platinum in road dusts and urban river sediments. The Science of the Total Environment 146–147: 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90234-8.
- Wepener V, Vermeulen LA. 2005. A note on the concentrations and bioavailability of selected metals in sediments of Richard Bay Harbour, South Africa. Water SA 31: 589–595.
- Williams HH, MacKenzie K. 2003. Marine parasites as pollution indicators: an update. Parasitology 126: S27–S41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182003003640.
- Valtonen ET, Holmes JC, Koskivaara M. 1997. Eutrophication, pollution and fragmentation: effects on parasite communities in roach (Rutilus rutilus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) in four lakes in Central Finland. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54: 572–585. https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-306.
- Vidal-Martínez VM, Pech D, Sures B, Purucker ST, Poulin R. 2010. Can parasites really reveal environmental impact? Trends in Parasitology 26: 44–51. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.11.001
- Zharikova TI. 1993. Effect of water pollution on ectoparasites of bream (Abramis brama). Journal of Ichthyology 33: 50–62.
- Zimmermann S, Sures B. 2004. Significance of platinum group metals emitted from automobile exhaust gas converters for the biosphere. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 11: 194–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979675.
- Zimmermann S, von Bohlen A, Messerschmidt J, Sures B. 2005. Accumulation of the precious metals platinum, palladium and rhodium from automobile catalytic converters in Paratenuisentis ambiguus as compared with its fish host, Anguilla anguilla. Journal of Helminthology 79: 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1079/JOH2004261.