651
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Papers

Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among young women and men in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

, , , &
Pages 43-54 | Received 02 May 2012, Accepted 10 Sep 2012, Published online: 31 May 2013

References

  • Allen , JP , Reinert , D F and Volk , R. 2001 . The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Tests: An aid to recognition of alcohol problems in primary care patients . Preventive Medicine , 33 : 428 – 433 .
  • Amoateng , AY , Barber , BK and Erickson , LD. 2006 . Family predictors of adolescent substance use: The case of high school students in the Cape Metropolitan Area, Cape Town, South Africa . Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health , 18 : 7 – 15 .
  • Anderson , KL. 2002 . Perpetrator or victim? Relationships between intimate partner violence and well-being . Journal of Marriage and Family , 64 : 851 – 863 .
  • Austin , PC , Goel , V and van Walraven , C. 2001 . An introduction to multilevel regression models . Canadian Journal of Public Health , 92 : 150 – 154 .
  • Benjet , C. 2010 . Childhood adversities of populations living in low-income countries: prevalence, characteristics, and mental health consequences . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 23 : 356 – 362 .
  • Benjet , C , Borges , G and Medina-Mora , ME. 2010 . Chronic childhood adversity and onset of psychopathology during three life stages: Childhood, adolescence and adulthood . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 44 : 732 – 740 .
  • Bernstein , D , Fink , L , Handelsman , L , Foote , J , Lovejoy , M , Wenzel , K , Sapareto , E and Ruggiero , J. 1994 . Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1132 – 1136 .
  • Bernstein , DP , Stein , JA , Newcomb , MD , Walker , E , Pogge , D , Ahluvalia , T , Stokes , J , Handelsman , L , Medrano , M , Desmond , D and Zule , W. 2003 . Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire . Child Abuse & Neglect , 27 : 169 – 190 .
  • Blore , LG , Schulze , S and Lessing , AC. 2004 . The relationship between adolescent depressive symptomatology and substance abuse . Curationis , 27 : 12 – 22 .
  • Blum , RW and Nelson-Mmari , K. 2004 . The health of young people in a global context . Journal of Adolescent Health , 35 : 402 – 418 .
  • Campbell , JC. 2002 . Health consequences of intimate partner violence . The Lancet , 359 : 1331 – 1336 .
  • Cluver L , Gardner F 2006 . The psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa . Annals of General Psychiatry 5 . Available at http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/5/1/8. Doi:10.1186/1744-859X-5-8 [accessed 27 March 2012] .
  • Coxell , A , King , M , Mezey , G and Gordon , D. 1999 . Lifetime prevalence, characteristics, and associated problems of non-consensual sex in men: cross sectional survey . British Medical Journal , 318 : 846 – 850 .
  • Denis , P and Ntsimane , R. 2006 . “ Absent fathers: why men don't feature in stories of familes affected by HIV/AIDS in Kwazulu-Natal? ” . In Baba: Men and fatherhood in South Africa , Edited by: Richter , L and Morrell , R . 237 – 249 . Cape Town , , South Africa : HSRC Press .
  • Department of Health, Medical Research Council, & Measure DHS+ . 2002 . South African Demographic and Health Survey—1998 . Pretoria : Department of Health . Available at http://www.doh.gov.za/facts/1998/sadhs98/. [accessed 27 March 2012] .
  • Department of Health, Medical Research Council, OrcMacro . 2007 . South African Demographic and Health Survey 2003 (SADHS) Pretoria , , South Africa : . Available at http://www.doh.gov.za/search/index.html [accessed 27 March 2012] .
  • Dunkle , KL , Jewkes , R , Nduna , M , Jama , N , Levin , J. , Sikweyiya , Y and Koss , MP. 2004a . Transactional sex with casual and main partners among young South African men in the rural Eastern Cape: Prevalence, predictors, and associations with gender-based violence . Social Science & Medicine , 65 : 1235 – 1248 .
  • Dunkle , KL , Jewkes , R K , Brown , HC , Gray , GE , McIntryre , JA and Harlow , SD. 2004b . Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa . Lancet , 363 : 1415 – 1421 .
  • Eddy , G. 2009 . Unhappy families . Fast Facts: South African Institute of Race Relations , 7 : 2 – 12 .
  • Elliott , DM , Mok , DS and Briere , J. 2004 . Adult sexual assault: prevalence, symptomatology, and sex differences in the general population . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 17 : 203 – 211 .
  • Fernander , AG , Flischer , AJ , King , G , Noubary , FM. , Lombard , C , Price , M and Derek , C. 2006 . Gender differences in depression and smoking among youth in Cape Town, South Africa . Ethnicity and Disease , 16 : 41 – 50 .
  • Freeman , M and Nkomo , N. 2006a . Assistance needed for the integration of orphaned and vulnerable children - views of South African family and community members . Journal of the Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS , 3 : 503 – 509 .
  • Freeman , M and Nkomo , N. 2006b . Guardianship of orphans and vulnerable children. A survey of current and prospective South African caregivers . AIDS Care , 18 : 302 – 310 .
  • Frost , AK , Reinherz , HZ , Pakiz-Camras , B , Giaconia , RM and Lefkowitz , ES. 1999 . Risk factors for depressive symptoms in late adolescence: a longitudinal community study . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 69 : 370 – 381 .
  • Galambos , N , Leadbeater , B and Barker , E. 2004 . Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 28 : 16 – 25 .
  • Golding , JM. 1999 . Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis . Journal of Family Violence , 14 : 99 – 132 .
  • Hamad , R , Fernald , LCH , Karlan , DS and Zinman , J. 2008 . Social and economic correlates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress in South African adults . Journal of Epidemiology Community Health , 62 : 538 – 544 .
  • Hong , X , Li , J , Xu , F , Tse , LA , Liang , Y , Wang , Z , Yu , IT and Griffiths , S. 2009 . Physical activity inversely associated with the presence of depression among urban adolescents in regional China . BMC Public Health , 9 : 1 – 9 .
  • Jewkes , R , Nduna , M , Levin , J , Jama , N , Dunkle , K , Khuzwayo , N , Koss , M , Puren , A , Wood , K and Duwury , N. 2006 . A cluster randomized-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of Stepping Stones in preventing HIV infections and promoting safer sexual behaviour amongst youth in the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: trial design, methods and baseline findings . Tropical Medicine & International Health , 11 : 3 – 16 .
  • Jewkes , R , Nduna , M , Levin , J , Jama , N , Dunkle , K , Puren , A and Duvvury , N. 2008 . Impact of stepping stones on incidence of HIV and HSV-2 and sexual behaviour in rural South Africa: cluster randomised controlled trial . British Medical Journal , 337 : 1 – 11 .
  • Jewkes , RK , Dunkle , K , Nduna , M , Jama , PN and Puren , A. 2010 . Associations between childhood adversity and depression, substance abuse and HIV and HSV2 incident infections in rural South African youth . Child Abuse & Neglect , 34 : 833 – 841 .
  • Kaggwa , EB and Hindin , MJ. 2010 . The psychological effect of orphanhood in a matured HIV epidemic: An analysis of young people in Mukono, Uganda . Social Science & Medicine , 70 : 1002 – 1010 .
  • Kane-Berman , J. 2009 . A risk not recognised . Fast Facts: South African Institute of Race Relations , 7 : 1 – 20 .
  • Kleintjes , S , Flisher , A , Fick , M , Railoun , A , Lund , C , Molteno , C and Robertson , B. 2006 . The prevalence of mental disorders among children, adolescents and adults in the Western Cape, South Africa . South African Psychiatry Review , 9 : 157 – 160 .
  • Krahé , B , Scheinberger-Olwig , R and Bieneck , S. 2003 . Men's Reports of Nonconsensual Sexual Interactions with Women: Prevalence and Impact . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 32 : 165 – 175 .
  • Lai , DW. 1999 . Violence exposure and mental health of adolescents in small towns: an exploratory study . Canadian Journal of Public Health , 90 : 181 – 185 .
  • Madhavan , S , Townsend , NW and Garey , AI. 2008 . ‘Absent breadwinners’: Father-child connections and paternal support in rural South Africa . Journal of Southern African Studies , 34 : 647 – 663 .
  • Mkize , LP , Nonkelela , NF and Mkize , DL. 1998 . Prevalence of depression in a university population . Curationis , 21 : 32 – 37 .
  • Myer , L , Stein , DJ , Grimsrud , A , Seedat , S and Williams , DR. 2008 . Social determinants of psychological distress in a nationally-representative sample of South African adults . Social Science & Medicine , 66 : 1828 – 1840 .
  • Myers , J and Weissman , M. 1980 . Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample . American Journal of Psychiatry , 137 : 1081 – 1084 .
  • Ndetei , DM , Khasakhala , L , Nyabola , L , Ongecha-Owuor , F , Seedat , S , Mutiso , V , Kokonya , D and Odhiambo , G. 2008 . The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and syndromes in Kenyan children and adolescents . Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health , 20 : 33 – 51 .
  • Nduna , M. 2010 . “ Distress and dating in Butterworth, the Eastern Cape, South Africa ” . In A tapestry of human sexuality in Africa , Edited by: Obono , O . 87 – 104 . South Africa : Fanele, an imprint of Jacana Media (PTY) Ltd .
  • Nduna , M and Jewkes , R. 2011a . Silence: A strategy to deal with psychological distress among young people in the Eastern Cape, South Africa . Vulnerable Child and Youth Studies , 6 : 360 – 372 .
  • Nduna , M and Jewkes , R. 2011b . Undisclosed paternal identity in narratives of distress among young people in the Eastern Cape, South Africa . Journal of Child and Family Studies , 20 : 303 – 310 .
  • Nduna M , Jewkes R 2012 . Disempowerment and distress in the lives of young people in Eastern Cape, South Africa . Journal of Child and Family Studies . Online first doi: 10.1007/s10826-011-9564-y .
  • Neville , HA and Heppner , MJ. 1999 . Contextualizing rape: Reviewing sequelae and proposing a culturally inclusive ecological model sexual assault recovery . Applied & Preventive Psychology , 8 : 41 – 62 .
  • Nguyen , CT and Fournier , L. 2007 . Depressive disorders among young Canadians: Associated factors of continuity and discontinuity . Canadian Journal of Public Health , 98 : 326 – 330 .
  • Nguyen , HT , Dunneb , MP and Lea , AV. 2010 . Multiple types of child maltreatment and adolescent mental health in Viet Nam . Bulletin of the World Health Organisation , 88 : 22 – 30 .
  • Olsson , GI , Nordstrouml , Marie-Louise , M , Arinell , H and von Knorring , AL. 1999 . Adolescent depression: Social network and family climate: A case-control study . The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , 40 : 227 – 237 .
  • Operario , D , Cluver , L , Rees , H , MacPhail , C and Pettifor , A. 2008 . Orphanhood and completion of compulsory school education among young people in South Africa: Findings from a National Representative Survey . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 18 : 173 – 186 .
  • Parry , CDH , Myers , B , Morojele , NK , Flisher , AJ , Bhana , A , Donson , H and Plüddemann , A. 2004 . Trends in adolescent alcohol and other drug use: findings from three sentinel sites in South Africa (1997–2001) . Journal of Adolescence , 27 : 429 – 440 .
  • Posel , D and Devey , R. 2006 . “ The demographics of fatherhood in South Africa: An analysis of survey data, 1993-2002 ” . In Baba: Men and fatherhood in South Africa , Edited by: Morrell , R and Richter , L . 38 – 52 . Pretoria , , South Africa : HSRC Press .
  • Prospero , M and Fawson , P. 2010 . Sexual coercion and mental health symptoms among heterosexual men: The pressure to say “yes” . American Journal of Men's Health , 4 : 98 – 103 .
  • Pulerwitz , J , Gortmaker , SL and DeJong , W. 2000 . Measuring sexual relationship power in HIVSTD research . Sex Roles , 42 : 637 – 660 .
  • Radloff , LS. 1977 . The CES-D Scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 .
  • Reddy S , James S , Sewpaul R , Koopman F , Funani N , Sifunda S , Josie J , Masuka P , Kambaran NS , Omardien R 2010 . Umthente Uhlaba Usamila—The 2nd South African National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey 2008 . Cape Town : South African Medical Research Council .
  • Reinherz , HZ , Giaconia , RM , Hauf , AMC , Wasserman , MS and Silverman , AB. 1999 . Major depression in the transition to adulthood: Risks and impairments . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 108 : 500 – 510 .
  • Reinherz , HZ , Paradis , D , Giaconia , RM , Stashwick , CK and Fitzmaurice , G. 2003 . Childhood and adolescent predictors of major depression in the transition to adulthood . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 2141 – 2147 .
  • Resick , PA. 1993 . The psychological impact of rape . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 8 : 223 – 255 .
  • Richter , L and Dawes , ARL. 2008 . Child abuse in South Africa: Rights and wrongs . Child Abuse Review , 17 : 79 – 93 .
  • Robertson , B. 2004 . Challenges for child and adolescent mental health service development in sub-Saharan Africa . Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health , 16 : 3 – 4 .
  • Romito , P and Grassi , M. 2007 . Does violence affect one gender more than the other? The mental health impact of violence among male and female university students . Social Science & Medicine , 65 : 1222 – 1234 .
  • Sale , S and Gadanya , M. 2008 . Prevalence and factors associated with depression in HIV/AIDS patients aged 15–25 years at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria . Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health , 20 : 95 – 99 .
  • Sikweyiya , Y and Jewkes , R. 2009 . Force and temptation: contrasting South African men's accounts of coercion into sex by men and women . Culture Health and Sexuality , 11 : 529 – 541 .
  • Silverman , AB , Reinherz , HZ and Giaconia , RM. 1996 . The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: A longitudinal community study . Child Abuse & Neglect , 20 : 709 – 723 .
  • Smit , J , Myer , L , Middelkoop , K , Seedat , S , Wood , R , Bekker , LG and Stein , DJ. 2006 . Mental health and sexual risk behaviours in a South African township: A community-based cross-sectional study . Public Health , 120 : 534 – 542 .
  • Spertus , IL , Yehuda , R , Wong , CM , Halligan , S and Seremetis , SV. 2003 . Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice . Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal , 27 : 1247 – 1258 .
  • Stewart , RC , Bunn , J , Vokhiwa , M , Umar , E , Kauye , F , Fitzgerald , M , Tomenson , B , Rahman , A and Creed , F. 2009 . Common mental disorder and associated factors amongst women with young infants in rural Malawi . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. , 45 : 551 – 559 .
  • Struckman-Johnson , C and Struckman-Johnson , D. 1994 . Men pressured and forced into sexual experience . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 23 : 93 – 114 .
  • Thompson , S , Bender , K and Kim , J. 2011 . Family factors as predictors of depression among runaway youth: Do males and females differ? . Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , 28 : 35 – 48 .
  • Tomlinson , M , Grimsrud , AT , Stein , DJ , Williams , DR and Myer , L. 2009 . The epidemiology of major depression in South Africa: results from the South African Stress and Health study . South African Medical Journal , 99 : 368 – 373 .
  • Townsend NW , Madhavan S , Garey AI 2005 . Father presence in rural South Africa: Incorporating social connection and life course experience . Paper presented at the 2005 Meeting of the American Sociological Association , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Available at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p21047_index.html [accessed 27 March 2012] .
  • UN Global Coalition on Women and AIDS and UNAIDS . 2004 . Facing the future together: Report of the Secretary-General's Task Force on Women, Girls and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa . Sunninghill , , Johhanesburg : UNAIDS .
  • Wild , LG , Flisher , AJ and Lombard , C. 2004 . Suicidal ideation and attempts in adolescents: associations with depression and six domains of self-esteem . Journal of Adolescence , 27 : 611 – 624 .
  • World Health Organization . 2000 . WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: Core questionnaire and WHO instrument . Version 9 . Geneva , , Switzerland : World Health Organization .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.