Resilience and post-traumatic stress disorder in the acute aftermath of rape: a comparative analysis of adolescents versus adults

References

• Agaibi CE, Wilson JP. 2005. Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: a review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 6: 195–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahern NR, Kiehl EM, Lou Sole M, Byers J. 2006. A review of instruments measuring resilience. Issues Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 29: 103–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed AS. 2007. Post-traumatic stress disorder, resilience and vulnerability. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 13: 369.
   Google Scholar
• APA (American Psychiatric Association). 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders (4th edn). Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, Forneris CA. 1996. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy 34: 669–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor KM, Davidson JR. 2003. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety 18: 76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dartnall E, Jewkes R. 2012. Sexual violence against women: The scope of the problem. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 27: 3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergus S, Zimmerman MA. 2005. Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Reviews Public Health 26: 399–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincham DS, Altesa LK, Stein DJ, Seedat S. 2009. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents: risk factors versus resilience moderation. Comprehensive Psychiatry 50: 193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Moreno C, Pallitto C, Devries K, Stockl H, Watts C, Abrahams N. 2013. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Garmezy N. 1993. Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 56: 127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray MJ, Litz BT, Hsu JL, Lombardo TW. 2004. Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment 11: 330–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Saunders KE, O'Connor RC. 2012. Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet 379: 2373–2382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge EA, Austin ED, Pollack MH. 2007. Resilience: research evidence and conceptual considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety 24: 139–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes R, Penn-Kekana L, Levin J, Ratsaka M, Schrieber M. 2001. Prevalence of emotional, physical and sexual abuse of women in three South African provinces. South African Medical Journal 91: 421–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen IE, Seedat S. 2008. Factor structure of the Connor–Davidson resilience scale in South African adolescents. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 20: 23–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaminer D, Grimsrud A, Myer L, Stein DJ, Williams DR. 2008. Risk for post-traumatic stress disorder associated with different forms of interpersonal violence in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine 67: 1589–1595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. 1995. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 52: 1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. 2005. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62: 617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Costello J, Green JG, Gruber MJ, McLaughlin KA, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Merikangas KR. 2012. Severity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry 69: 381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick DG, Amstadter AB, Resnick HS, Ruggiero K. 2007. Rape related PTSD: issues and interventions. Psychiatric Times 24: 50–64.
   Google Scholar
• Kobasa SC, Maddi SR, Kahn S. 1982. Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42: 168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniglio R. 2009. The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clinical Psychology Review 29: 647–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March JS. 1999. Assessment of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Philip A, Saigh PA, Douglas JB (eds), Posttraumatic stress disorder: A comprehensive text. Needham Heights, Massachusetts, USA: Allyn & Bacon, Inc pp 199–218.
   Google Scholar
• March JS, Parker JD, Sullivan K, Stallings P, Conners CK. 1997. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36: 554–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naidoo K. 2013. Rape in South Africa-a call to action. South African Medical Journal 103: 210–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooner KB, Linares LO, Batinjane J, Kramer RA, Silva R, Cloitre M. 2012. Factors related to posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescence. Trauma Violence Abuse 66, doi: 10.1177/1524838012447698.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson CA, Bond L, Burns JM, Vella-Brodrick DA, Sawyer SM. 2003. Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescents 26: 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees S, Silove D, Chey T, Ivancic L, Steel Z, Creamer M, Teesson M, Bryant R, McFarlane AC, Mills KL, Slade T, Carragher N, O'Donnell M, Forbes D. 2011. Lifetime prevalence of gender-based violence in women and the relationship with mental disorders and psychosocial function. Journal of the American Medical Association 306: 513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo NF, Pirlott A. 2006. Gender-based violence: concepts, methods and findings. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 1087: 178–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo SJ, Murrough JW, Han M, Charney DS, Nestler EJ. 2012. Neurobiology of resilience. Nature Neuroscience 15: 1475–1484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter M. 1985. Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 147: 598–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seedat S, Nyamai C, Njenga F, Vythilingum B, Stein D. 2004. Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools Survey in Cape Town and Nairobi. The British Journal of Psychiatry 184: 169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC. 1998. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59: 22–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenkamp MM, Dickstein BD, Salters-Pedneault K, Hofmann SG, Litz BT. 2012. Trajectories of PTSD symptoms following sexual assault: Is resilience the modal outcome? Journal of Traumatic Stress 25: 469–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DJ, Seedat S, Herman A, Moomal H, Heeringa SG, Kessler RC, Williams DR. 2008. Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in South Africa. The British Journal of Psychiatry 192: 112–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suliman S, Kaminer D, Seedat S, Stein D. 2005. Assessing post-traumatic stress disorder in South African adolescents: using the child and adolescent trauma survey (CATS) as a screening tool. Annals of General Psychiatry 4: 2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomlinson M, Rudan I, Saxena S, Swartz L, Tsai AC, Patel V. 2009. Setting priorities for global mental health research. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 87: 438–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers F, Litz B, Herman D, Huska J, Keane T. 1993. The PTSD checklist civilian version (PCL-C). Boston, Massachusetts: National Center for PTSD.
   Google Scholar
• Windle G, Bennett KM, Noyes J. 2011. A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 9: 1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organisation). 1992. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization). 2004. Child sexual abuse: a silent health emergency. Report of the Regional Director (AFR/RC54/15 Rev. 1). Regional Committee for Africa. pp 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Yehuda R. 2004. Risk and resilience in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65: 29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimrin H. 1986. A profile of survival. Child Abuse and Neglect 10: 339–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinzow HM, Resnick HS, McCauley JL, Amstadter AB, Ruggiero KJ, Kilpatrick DG. 2011. Prevalence and risk of psychiatric disorders as a function of variant rape histories: results from a national survey of women. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47: 893–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnick C, Johnson J, Kohn R, Vicente B, Rioseco P, Saldivia S. 2006. Epidemiology of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-morbid disorders in Chile. Psychological Medicine 36: 1523–1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar