Three-dimensional visualisation of brooding behaviour in two distantly related brittle stars from South African waters

References

• Berrigan D. 1991. The allometry of egg size and number in insects. Oikos 60: 313–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boffi E. 1972. Ecological aspects of ophiuroids from the phytal of S.W. Atlantic Ocean warm waters. Marine Biology 15: 316–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boissin E, Stöhr S, Chenuil A. 2011. Did vicariance and adaptation drive cryptic speciation and evolution of brooding in Ophioderma longicauda (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), a common Atlanto-Mediterranean ophiuroid? Molecular Ecology 2: 4737–4755.
   Google Scholar
• Boistel R, Swoger J, Kržič U, Fernandez V, Gillet B, Reynaud EG. 2011. The future of three-dimensional microscopic imaging in marine biology. Marine Ecology 32: 438–452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne M. 1991. Reproduction, development and population biology of the Caribbean ophiuroid Ophionereis olivacea, a protandric hermaphrodite that broods its young. Marine Biology 111: 387–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne M. 1994. Ophiuroidea. In: Harrison FW, Chia FS (eds), Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates. Vol. 14, Echinodermata. New York: Wiley-Liss. pp 247–243.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne M, Cisternas P, O'Hara T. 2008. Brooding of pelagic-type larvae in Ophiopeza spinosa: reproduction and development in a tropical ophiodermatid brittlestar. Invertebrate Biology 127: 98–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne M, Selvakumaraswamy P. 2006. Phylum Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea. In: Young CM (ed.), Atlas of marine invertebrate larvae. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp 483–498.
   Google Scholar
• Clark AM, Courtman-Stock J. 1976. The echinoderms of southern Africa. London: British Museum (Natural History).
   Google Scholar
• Cisternas PA, Byrne M. 2005. Evolution of abbreviated development in the ophiuroid Ophiarachnella gorgonia involves heterochronies and deletions. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83: 1067–1078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinley J, Hawkins L, Paterson G, Ball AD, Sinclair I, Sinnett-Jones P, Lanham S. 2010. Micro-computed X-ray tomography: a new non-destructive method of assessing sectional, fly-through and 3D imaging of a soft-bodied marine worm. Journal of Microscopy 23: 123–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fell HB. 1946. The embryology of the viviparous ophiuroid Amphipholis squamata Delle Chiaje. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 75: 419–464.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández R, Kvist S, Lenihan J, Giribet G, Ziegler A. 2014. Sine systemate chaos? A versatile tool for earthworm taxonomy: non-destructive imaging of freshly fixed and museum specimens using micro-computed tomography. PLoS ONE 9: e96617.
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie JM, McClintock JB. 2007. Brooding in echinoderms: how can modern experimental techniques add to our historical perspective? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342: 191–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath DJ. 1977. Simultaneous hermaphroditism; cost and benefit. Journal of Theoretical Biology 64: 363–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath DJ. 1979. Brooding and the evolution of hermaphroditism. Journal of Theoretical Biology 81: 151–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendler G. 1975. Adaptational significance of the patterns of ophiuroid development. American Zoologist 15: 691–715.
   Google Scholar
• Hendler G. 1991. Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea. In: Giese A, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds), Reproduction of marine invertebrates. Pacific Grove, California: Boxwood Press. pp 355–511.
   Google Scholar
• Hendler G, Bundrick CJ. 2001. A new brooding brittle star from California (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Amphiuridae). Contributions in Science 486: 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Hendler G, Tran LU. 2001. Reproductive biology of a deep-sea brittle star Amphiura carchara (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Marine Biology 138: 113–123.
   Google Scholar
• Hyman L. 1955. The invertebrates: Echinodermata. New York: McGraw-Hill Publications in the Zoological Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Lack D. 1968. Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. London: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Laforsch C, Imhof H, Sigl R, Settles M, Heß M, Wanninger A. 2012. Applications of computational 3D-modeling in organismal biology. In: Alexandru C (ed.), Modeling and simulation in engineering. Rijeka: InTech. pp 117–142.
   Google Scholar
• Landschoff J, Du Plessis A, Griffiths CL. 2015a. A dataset describing brooding in three species of South African brittle stars, comprising seven high-resolution, X-ray micro tomography scans. GigaScience 2015: 4. DOI: 10.1186/s13742-015-0093-2.
   Google Scholar
• Landschoff J, Du Plessis A, Griffiths CL. 2015b. 3-dimensional microCT reconstructions of brooding brittle stars. GigaScience Database. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5524/100130.
   Google Scholar
• Landschoff J, Griffiths CL. 2015. Brooding behavior in the shallow-water brittle star Ophioderma wahlbergii. Invertebrate Biology 134: 168–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence JM, Herrera J. 2000. Stress and deviant reproduction in echinoderms. Zoological Studies 39: 151–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig H. 1898. Die ophiuren der sammlung plate. Zoologische Jahrbücher 4: 750–786.
   Google Scholar
• McEdward L, Janies D. 1997. Relationships among development, ecology, and morphology in the evolution of echinoderm larvae and life cycles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 60: 381–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menge BA. 1975. Brood or broadcast? The adaptive significance of different reproduction strategies in the two intertidal sea stars Leptasterias hexactis and Pisaster ochraceus. Marine Biology 31: 87–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metscher BD. 2009. MicroCT for comparative morphology: simple staining methods allow high-contrast 3D imaging of diverse non-mineralized animal tissues. BMC Physiology 9: 1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortensen T. 1920. On hermaphroditism in viviparous ophiurids. Acta Zoologica 1: 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Murienne J, Ziegler A, Ruthensteiner B. 2008. A 3D revolution in communicating science. Nature 453: 450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara TD, Hugall AF, Thuy B, Moussalli A. 2014. Phylogenomic resolution of the class Ophiuroidea unlocks a global microfossil record. Current Biology 24: 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearse JS, Lockhart SJ. 2004. Reproduction in cold water: paradigm changes in the 20th century and a role for cidaroid sea urchins. Deep-Sea Research II 51: 1533–1549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin É, Féral JP. 1996. Why are there so many species of brooding Antarctic echinoids? Evolution 50: 820–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahn H, Paganelli CV, Ar A. 1975. Relation of avian egg weight to body weight. The Auk 92: 750–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvakumaraswamy P, Byrne M. 2000. Vestigial ophiopluteal structures in the lecithotrophic larvae of Ophionereis schayeri (Ophiuroidea). Biological Bulletin 198: 379–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvakumaraswamy P, Byrne M. 2004. Metamorphosis and developmental evolution in Ophionereis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Marine Biology 145: 87–99.
   Google Scholar
• Shine R. 1978. Propagule size and parental care: the “safe harbor” hypothesis. Journal of Theoretical Biology 75: 417–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigl R, Imhof H, Settles M, Laforsch C. 2013. A novel, non-invasive and in vivo approach to determine morphometric data in starfish. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 449: 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöhr S, Boissin E, Chenuil A. 2009. Potential cryptic speciation in Mediterranean populations of Ophioderma (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Zootaxa 2071: 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Strathmann RR. 1974. Introduction to function and adaptation in echinoderm larvae. Thalassia Jugoslavica 10: 321–339.
   Google Scholar
• Strathmann RR. 1978. The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates. Evolution 32: 894–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathmann RR, Strathmann MF. 1982. The relationship between adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates. The American Naturalist 119: 91–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker CW, Lesser MP. 1989. Nutrition and development of brooded embryos in the brittlestar Amphipholis squamata: do endosymbiotic bacteria play a role? Marine Biology 103: 519–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber AAT, Stöhr S, Chenuil A. 2014. Genetic data, reproduction season and reproductive strategy data support the existence of biological species in Ophioderma longicauda. Comptes Rendus Biologies 337: 553–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler A. 2012. Broad application of non-invasive imaging techniques to echinoids and other echinoderm taxa. Zoosymposia 7: 53–70.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler A, Faber C, Mueller S, Bartolomaeus T. 2008. Systematic comparison and reconstruction of sea urchin (Echinoidea) internal anatomy: a novel approach using magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Biology 6: 33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler A, Kunth M, Mueller S, Bock C, Pohmann R, Schröder L et al. 2011. Application of magnetic resonance imaging in zoology. Zoomorphology 130: 227–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler A, Menze BH. 2013. Accelerated aquisition, visualization, and analysis of zoo-anatomical data. In: Zander J, Mosterman PJ (eds), Computation for humanity: information technology to advance society. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. pp 235–259.
   Google Scholar