Factors influencing vaginal cytology, pH and bacterial flora in elderly women

References

• Iosif C, Bekassy Z. Prevalence of genitourinary symptoms in the late menopause. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984; 63: 257–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg G, Gottquall T, Hammar M, Lindgren R. Cimacteric symptoms among women aged 60–62 in Linköping, Sweden in 1986. Maturitas 1988; 10: 193–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molander U, Milsom I, Ekelund P, Mellström D. An epide-miological study of urinary incontinence and related uro-genital symptoms in elderly women. Maturitas 1990; 12: 51–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samsioe G, Jansson I, Mellström D, Svanborg A. Occurrence, nature and treatment of urinary incontinence in a 70-year-old female population. Maturitas 1985; 7: 335–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molander U, Milsom I, Ekelund P, Mellström D, Eriksson O. Effect of oral estriol on vaginal flora and cytology and urogenital symptoms in the postmenopause. Maturitas 1990; 12: 113–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron J A, Adams P, Ward M. Cigarette smoking and other correlates of cytologic estrogen effect in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 1988; 50: 766–71
   Google Scholar
• Warrel D. Age-related genito-urinary changes. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1988; 2: 261–7
   Google Scholar
• Judd H L, Lucas W E, Yen S CC. Serum 17 oestradiol and oestrone levels in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 43: 272–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molander U, Ekelund P, Mellström D, Milsom I, Norlén L, Fogelberg M. Neurological examination of elderly women under investigation for urinary incontinence. Arch Geron-tol Geriatr 1989; 9: 77–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley J V. Distribution-free statistical tests. 1st ed. Prentice Hall, New York 1968; 68–86
   Google Scholar
• Mantel N. Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom; extensions of the Mantel-Haenzel procedure. J Am Stat Assoc 1963; 58: 690–700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafez E SE, Evans T N. The human vagina. Elsevier, North Holland, Amsterdam 1978
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett J G, Onderdonk A B, Drude E, Goldstein C, Ander-ka M, Alpert S, McCormack W M. Quantitative Bacteriology of the vaginal flora. J Infect Dis 1977; 136: 271–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne N G, Wright R C, Grubin L. Genital bacteriology: A comparative study of premenopausal women with postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 135: 195–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattsson L-A, Cullberg G. A clinical evaluation of treatment with estriol vaginal cream versus suppository in postmenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1983; 62: 397–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron J A, La Vecchia C, Levi F. The antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 502–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick H, Porter J. Relation between smoking and age of natural menopause. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center. Lancet 1977; i: 1354–5
   Google Scholar
• Lindqvist O, Bengtsson C. Menopausal age in relation to smoking. Acta Med Scand 1979; 205: 73–82
   Google Scholar
• Edén S, Jagenburg R, Lindstedt G, Lundberg P A, Mellström D. Thyroregulatory changes associated with smoking in 70-year old men. Clin Endocrinol 1984; 21: 605–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellström D, Rundgren Å, Jagenburg R, Steen B, Svan-borg A. Tobacco smoking, ageing and health among the elderly. A longitudinal study of 70-year old men and an age cohort comparison. Age Ageing 1982; 11: 45–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hellberg D, Nilsson S, Haley N J, Hoffman D, Wynder E L. Smoking and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Nicotine and cotinine in serum and cervical mucus in smokers and non-smokers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 910–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor P. Ganglionic stimulating and blocking agents. The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed., A Goodman Gilman, L S Goodman, A Gilman. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York 1980; 213–4
   Google Scholar