Velocity and Asymmetry of Optokinetic Nystagmus in the Evaluation of Vestibular Lesions

References

• Jung R, Kornhuber HH. Results of electronystagmography in man: the value of optokinetic, vestibular, and spontaneous nystagmus for neurologic diagnosis and research. ed. The oculomotor system, MB Bender. Harper & Row, New York 1964; 428–82
   Google Scholar
• Baloh R W, Honrubia V. Clinical neurophysiology of the vestibular system. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia 1979
   Google Scholar
• Abel S M, Barber HO. Measurement of optokinetic nystagmus for otoneurological diagnosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 90: 1–12, Suppl. 79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloh R W, Yee R D, Honrubia V. Clinical abnormalities of optokinetic nystagmus. Functional basis of ocular motility disorders, G Lennerstrand, DS Zee, EL Keller. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1982; 311–20
   Google Scholar
• Yee R D, Baloh R W, Honrubia V, Jenkins HA. Pathophysiology of optokinetic nystagmus. Nystagmus and vertigo: clinical approaches to the patient with dizziness, V Honrubia, MAB Brazier. Academic Press, New York 1982; 251–75
   Google Scholar
• Cogan D G, Loeb DR. Optokinetic response and intracranial lesions. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1949; 61: 183–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enoksson P. Optokinetic nystagmus in brain lesions. Acta Ophthalmol 1956; 34: 163–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baloh R W, Yee R D, Honrubia V. Optokinetic nystagmus and parietal lobe lesions. Ann Neurol 1980; 7: 269–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schalén L, Pyykkö I, Henriksson N G, Wennmo C. Slow eye movements in patients with neurological disorders. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1982; 231–4, Suppl. 386
   Google Scholar
• Yec R D, Baloh R W, Honrubia V, Lau C GY, Jenkins HA. Slow build-up of optokinetic nystagmus associated with downbeat nystagmus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1979; 18: 622–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfaltz C RI, Idiz F. The optokinetic test: interaction of the vestibular and optokinetic system in normal subjects and patients with vestibular disorders. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1982; 234: 21–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandt T, Allum J HJ, Dichgans J. Computer analysis of optokinetic nystagmus in patients with spontaneous nystagmus of peripheral vestibular origin. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1978; 86: 115–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyykkö I, Magnusson M, Matsuoka I, Ito S, Hinoki M. On the optokinetic mechanisms of peripheral retinal type. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1982; 235–9, Suppl. 386
   Google Scholar
• Magnusson M, Pyykkö I, Norrving B. The relationship of optokinetic nystagmus to pursuit eye movements, vestibular nystagmus and to saccades in humans. A clinical study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1986
   Google Scholar
• Honrubia V, Luxon L. Optokinetic nystagmus with reference to the smooth-pursuit function. Otoneurology, WJ Oosterveld. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New York 1984; 195–220
   Google Scholar
• Baloh R W, Langhofer L, Honrubia V, Yee RD. On-line analysis of eye movements using a digital computer. Aviat Space Environ Med 1980; 51: 563–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennmo C, Pyykkö I. Vestibular neuronitis. A clinical and electro-oculographic analysis. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1982; 92: 507–15
   Google Scholar
• Henriksson N G, Pfaltz C R, Torok N, Rubin W. A synopsis of the vestibular system. Sandoz Monographs. Gasser & Cie AG, Basel 1972
   Google Scholar
• Wennmo C, Henriksson N G, Hindfelt B, Pyykkö I, Magnusson M. Visually evoked slow eye movements, visual-vestibular interaction, and infratentorial lesions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1983; 91: 76–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison DF. Multivariate statistical methods. McGraw-Hill, Tokyo 1976; 239–45
   Google Scholar
• Dichgans J. Optokinetic nystagmus as dependent on the retinal periphery via the vestibular nucleus. Control of gaze by brain stem neurons. Developments in neurosci-ence, R Baker, A Berthoz. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 1977; vol. 1.: 261–7
   Google Scholar
• Magnusson M, Pyykkö I, Jäntti V. Effect of alertness and visual attention on optokinetic nystagmus in humans. Am J Otolaryngol 1985; 6: 419–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons B, Büttner U. The influence of age on optokinetic nystagmus. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 1985; 234: 369–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spooner J W, Sakala S M, Baloh RW. Effect of aging on eye tracking. Arch Neurol 1980; 37: 575–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sills E W, Baloh R W, Honrubia V. Caloric testing. II. Results in normal subjects. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977; 86: 7–23, Suppl 43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm RJ. Program disorders of movement. ed. Motor control mechanisms in health and disease, JE Desmedt. Raven Press, New York 1983; 1–11
   Google Scholar
• Weale RA. The eye and aging. Interdiscipl Topics Geront 1978; 13: 1–13
   Google Scholar
• Holm-Jensen S, Peitersen E. The significance of the target frequency and the target speed in optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1979; 88: 110–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honrubia V, Downey W L, Mitchell D P, Ward PH. Experimental studies on optokinetic nystagmus. II. Normal humans. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1968; 65: 441–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TerBraak J WG. Untersuchungen Über optokinetischen Nystagmus. Arch Neerl Physiol 1936; 21: 309–76
   Google Scholar
• Stahle J, Mizukoshi K. Optokinograms in clinical documentation of vestibular disorders. Vestibular mechanisms in health and disease, JD Hood. Academic Press, London 1978; 273–9
   Google Scholar
• Precht W. Anatomical and functional organisation of optokinetic pathways. Functional basis of ocular motility disorders, G Lennerstrand, DS Zee, EL Keller. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1982; 291–302
   Google Scholar
• Zee D S, Yamazaki A, Butler P H, Gücer G. Effects of ablation of flocculus and paraflocculus on eye movements in primate. J Neurophysiol 1981; 46: 878–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waespe W, Cohen B, Raphan T. Role of the flocculus and paraflocculus in optokinetic nystagmus and visual-vestibular interactions: effects of lesions. Exp Brain Res 1983; 50: 9–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyykkö I, Magnusson M. Neural activity, alertness and visual orientation in intact and unilaterally labyrinthectomized rabbits. ORL 1986, Accepted for publicaion
   Google Scholar