References
- Ross R, Mc R., Kay H B. Self-mutilation. Lexington Books, Massachusetts 1979
- Azrin N H, Nunn R G. Habit-reversal: a method of eliminating nervous habits and tics. Behaviour Reseurch and Therapy 1973; 11: 619–628
- Joubert C E. Incidence of some oral-based habits among college students and their correlations with use of oral stimulants. Psychological Reports 1993a; 73: 579–583
- Joubert C E. Relationship of self-esteem, manifest anxiety and obsessive-compulsiveness to personal habits. Psychological Reports 1993b; 76: 1315–1321
- Joubert C E. Associations of social personality factors with personal habits. Psychological Reports 1995; 76: 1315–1321
- Oguchi T, Miura S. Trichotillomania: its psychopathological aspect. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1977; 18: 177–182
- Winchel R M, Stanley M. Self-injurious behaviour: a review of the behaviour and biology of self-mutilation. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 148: 306–314
- Ballinger B R. Minor self-injury. British Journal of Psychiatry 1971; 118: 535–538
- Doran A R, Roy A, Wolkowitz O M. Self-destructive dermatoses. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1985; 8: 291–298
- Gupta M A, Gupta A K, Haberman H F. Neurotic excoriations: a review and some new perspectives. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1986; 27: 381–386
- Favazra A R, Simeon D. Self-mutilation. Impulsivity and aggression, E Hollander, D J Stein. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1995
- Kent A, Drummond L M. Acne excoriate: a case report of treatment using habit reversal. Clinical Experimental Dermatology 1989; 14: 163–164
- Martin G. JW. An interim prosthesis to prevent lip and cheek biting. Journal of Prothetic Dentistry 1988; 59: 250–252
- Lyon L S. A behavioural treatment of compulsive lip biting. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1983; 14: 275–276
- Waldman B A, Frieden I J. Osteomyelitus caused by nailbiting. Pediatric Dermatology 1990; 7: 189–190
- Barrios B A. Cue-controlled relaxation in reduction of chronic nervous habits. Psychological Reports 1977; 41: 703–706
- Adesso V J, Vargas J M, Siddall J W. The role of awareness in reducing nailbiting. Behaviour Therapy 1979; 10: 148–154
- Mulick J A, Hoyt P, Rojahn J, Schroeder S R. Reduction of a ‘nervous habit’ in a profoundly retarded youth by increasing toy play. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1978; 9: 381–385
- Vargas J M, Adesso V J. A comparison of aversion therapies for nailbiting behaviour. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1976; 7: 322–329
- Leonard H L, Lenane M C, Swedo S E, Rettew D C, Rapoport J L. A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine treatment of severe onychophagia (nailbiting). Archives of General Psychiatry 1491; 48: 821–827
- Norton L A. Self-induced trauma to the nails. Cutis 1987; 40: 223–227
- Silber K P, Haynes C E. Treating nailbiting: a comparative analysis of mild aversion and competing response therapies. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1992; 30: 15–22
- Money J, Wolff G, Annecilo C. Pain agnosia and self-injury in the syndrome of reversible somatropin deficiency (psychosocial dwarfism). Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 1972; 2: 127–139
- Daniels L K. Rapid extinction of nail-biting by covert sensitisation: a case study. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1974; 5: 91–91
- McClanahan T M. Operant learning (R-S) principles applied to nail-biting. Psychological Reports 1995; 77: 507–514
- Paquin M J. The treatment of a nail-biting compulsion by covert sensitisation in a poorly motivated client. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Euperimental Psychiatry 1977; 8: 181–183
- Ballinger B R. The prevalence of nailbiting in normal and abnormal populations. British Journal of Psychiatry 1970; 117: 445–446
- Bucher B D. A pocket-portable shock device with application to nailbiting. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1968; 6: 389–392
- Odenrick L, Brattström V. Nailbiting: frequency and association with root resorption during orthodontic treatment. British Journal of Orthodontics 1985; 12: 78–81
- Azrin N H, Nunn R G, Frantz S E. Habit reversal versus negative practice treatment of nail-biting. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1980; 18: 281–285
- Baran R, Dawber R PR. Diseases of the nails and their management. Blackwell, Oxford 1984
- Westling L. Fingernail biting. Journal of Craniomandibular Practice 1988; 6: 182–187
- Klatte K M, Deardorff P A. Nailbiting and manifest anxiety of adults. Psychological Reports 1981; 48: 82
- Deardorff P A, Finch A J, Royall L R. Manifest anxiety and nail-biting. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1974; 30: 378
- Walker B A, Ziskind E. Relationship of nailbiting to sociopathy: brief communication. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1977; 164: 64–65
- Gilleard E, Eskin M, Savasir B. Nailbiting and oral aggression in a Turkish student population. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1988; 61: 197–201
- Bakwin H. Nail-biting in twins. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1971; 13: 304–307
- Wechsler D. The incidence and significance of fingernail biting in children. Psychoanalytic Review 1931; 18: 201–209
- Taylor J G. A behavioural interpretation of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1973; 1: 237–244
- Weiten W. Psychology: themes and variations, 3rd ed. Brooks/Cole, California 1995
- DeFrancesco J J, Zahner G EP, Pawelkiewicz W. Childhood nailbiting. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality 1989; 4: 157–161
- Connell P H, Corbett J A, Horne D J, Mathews A M. Drug treatment of adolescent tiqueurs: a double-blind trial of diazepam and haloperidol. British Journal of Psychiatry 1967; 113: 375–381
- Feldman M D. The challenge of self-mutilation: a review. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1988; 29: 252–269
- Pao P N. The syndrome of delicate self-cutting. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1969; 42: 195–206
- Simpson M A. Self-mutilation. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 1976; 16: 430–439
- Carr E G. The motivation of self-injurious behaviour: a review of some hypotheses. Psychological Bulletin 1977; 84: 800–816
- Bennun (sic) I. Psychological models of self-mutilation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1984; 14: 166–186
- Graff H, Mallin R. The syndrome of the wrist cutter. American Journal of Psychiatry 1967; 124: 36–42
- Haines J, Williams C L, Brain K L, Wilson G V. The psychophysiology of self-mutilation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1995; 104: 471–489
- Favazza A R. Why patients mutilate themselves. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1989; 40: 137–145
- Walsh B W, Rosen P M. Self-mutilation: theory, research and treatment. Guilford Press, New York 1988
- Brain K L, Haines J, Williams C L. The psychophysiology of self-mutilation: evidence of tension-reduction. Archives of Suicide Research, in press
- Haines J, Brain K L, Williams C L. Suicidal intent and low lethality selfmutilative behaviours. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, in press
- Brain K L, Williams C L, Haines J. The psychophysiology of sey-mutilation: Evidence of tension reduction. Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Experimental Psychology Conference, Perth. April, 1996; 12–14
- Pattison E M, Kahan J. The deliberate self-harm syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry 1983; 140: 867–872
- Favazza A R, Conterio K. Female habitual self-mutilators. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1989; 79: 283–289
- Christenson G A, Mackenzie T B, Mitchell J E. Characteristics of 60 adult chronic hair pullers. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 148: 365–370
- Van Moffaert M. Self-mutilation: diagnosis and practical treatment. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 1990; 20: 373–382
- Home D, Wilkinson J. J. Habit reversal treatment for finger nail biting. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1980; 18: 287–291
- Miltenberger R G, Fuqua R W. A comparison of contingent vs. non-contingent competing response practice in the treatment of nervous habits. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1985; 16: 195–200
- Allen K W. Chronic nailbiting: a controlled comparison of competing response and mild aversion treatments. Behuviour Research and Therapy 1996; 34: 269–272
- Ladoucer R. Habit reversal treatment: learning an incompatible response or increasing the subject's awareness?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1979; 17: 313–316
- Rosenthal T L, Linehan K S, Kelley I E, Rosenthal R H, Theobald D E, Davis A F. Group aversion by imaginal, vicarious and shared recipient-observer shocks. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1978; 16: 421–427
- Walker C E, Hedberg A, Clement P W, Wright L. Clinical procedures for hehaviour therapy. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey 1981
- Davidson A M, Denney D R. Covert sensitisation and information in the reduction of nail-biting. Behaviour Therapy 1976; 7: 512–518
- Brain K L, Haines J, Williams C L, Stops D, Driscoll C. The influence of imagery ability on the response to personalised guided imagery. Paper presented at the 6th Australian Psychophysiology Conference, Hobart, December, 1996; 6–8
- Kahan J, Pattison E M. Proposal for a distinctive diagnosis: the deliberate self-harm syndrome. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1984; 14: 17–35
- Myers E D. Subsequent deliberate self-harm in patients referred to a psychiatrist: a prospective study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982; 140: 132–137
- O'Shea B, Falvey J, McCollam C, Synnott B. Aspects of deliberate self-harm. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 1986; 35: 335–337
- Haines J. Correlates of self-mutilation. PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 1994
- Menninger K A. A psychoanalytic study of the significance of self-mutilations. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 1935; 4: 408–466
- Favazza A R. Bodies under siege: self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry. 2nd ed. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1996
- Favazza A R, Rosenthal R J. Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1993; 44: 134–140
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1994
- Favazza A R. Normal and deviant self-mutilation. Trans-cultural Psychiatric Research Review 1989; 26: 113–127
- Krishnan K RR, Davidson J RT, Guajardo C. Trichotillomania: a review. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1985; 26: 123–128
- Carroll J, Schafer C B, Spensley J, Abramowitz S. Family antecedents of adult self-mutilators. International Journal of Family Psychiatry 1981; 2: 147–161
- JanStout R. Fluoxetine for facial picking. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 370
- Wells J H, Haines J, Williams C L, Brain K L. The self-mutilative nature of severe onychophagia: a comparison with self-cutting. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, in press