The Contributions Of Antioxidant Activity Of Lipoic Acid In Reducing Neurogenerative Progression Of Parkinson’s Disease: A Review

REFERENCES

• Aguiar, L. M., Macêdo, D. S., Vasconcelos, S. M., Oliveira, A. A., Sousa, F. C., & Viana, G. S. (2008). CSC, an adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist and MAO B inhibitor, reverses behavior, monoamine neurotransmission, and amino acid alterations in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Brain Research, 1191(2), 192–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aguiar, L. M., Nobre, H.V., Macedo, D. S., Oliveira, A.A., Freitas, R. M., Vasconcelos, S. M., (2006). Neuroprotective effects of caffeine in the model of 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour, 84(3), 415–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balamurugan, K., Vazirim, N. D., & Said, H. M. (2005). Biotin uptake by human proximal tubular epithelial cells: Cellular and molecular aspects. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 288(4), 823–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, M. T., Caramelli, P., Maia, D. P., Cunningham, M. C. Q., Guerra, H. L., & Lima, C. M. F. (2006). Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in the elderly: A community-based survey in Brazil (the Bambui study). Movement and Disorder, 21(6), 800–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsottini, O. G. P. (2009). Parkinson's disease: Molecular and imaging characteristics. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiartia, 67(1), 7–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bear, M. F., Connors, B. W., & Paradiso, M. A. (2002). Neuroscience: Finding the Nervous System., 2nd edn. Porto Alegre: ArtMed.
   Google Scholar
• Biewenga, G. P., Haenen, G. R. M. M., & Bast, A. (2000). The pharmacology of the antioxidante lipoic acid. General Pharmacology, 29(3), 315–331.
   Google Scholar
• Bilska, A., Dubiel, M., Sokolowska-Jez’ewicz, M., Lorenc-koci, E., & Wlodek, L. (2007). Alpha-lipoic acid differently affects the reserpine-induced oxidative stress in the striatum and prefrontal cortex of rat brain. Neuroscience, 146(4), 1758–1771.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bist, R., & Bhatt, D. K. (2009). The evaluation of effect of alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E on the lipid peroxidation, gamma-amino butyric and serotonin level in the brain of mice (Mus musculus) acutely intoxicated with lindane. Journal of the Neurology Science, 276(1–2), 99–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bist, R., & Bhatt, D. K. (2010). Augmentation of cholinesterases and ATPase activities in the cerebellum and pons-medulla oblongata, by a combination of antioxidants (resveratrol, ascorbic acid, alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E), in acutely lindane intoxicated mice. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 296(1–2), 83–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brazil. (2006). Ministry of Health, Department of Health Policy Epidemiological Bulletin. Brasilia: Ministry of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Calxeta, L., & Vieira, R. T. (2008). Dementia in Parkinson's disease. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 30(4), 375–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, J. F. (2003). The adenosine A(2A) receptor as an attractive target for Parkinson's disease treatment. Drug News & Perspectives, 16(9), 597–604.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chng, H. T., New, L. S., Neo, A. H., Goh, C. W., Browne, E. R., & Chan, E. C. Y. (2009). Distribution study of orally administered lipoic acid in rat brain tissues. Brain Research, 1251(2), 80–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cross, A. K., & Woodroofe, M. N. (2001). Immunoregulation of microglial functional properties. Microscopy Research and Technique, 54, 10–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauer, W., & Przedborski, S. (2003). Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms and models. Neuronscience, 39(2), 889–909.
   Google Scholar
• Dietrichs, E. (2008). Bevegelsesforstyrrelser og basalganglienes funksjon. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen, 128(17), 1968–1971.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Stefano, A., Sozio, P., Cerasa, L.S., Iannitelli, A., Cataldi, A., Zara, S., (2010). Ibuprofen and lipoic acid diamide as co-drug with neuroprotective activity: Pharmacological properties and effects in beta-amyloid (1–40) infused Alzheimer's disease rat model. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 23(2), 589–599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eberhardt, O., & Schulz, J. B. (2003). Apoptotic mechanism and antiapoptotic therapy in the MPTP model. Toxicology Letters, 139(2–3), 135–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, I. C. R. F., & Abreu, R. M. V. (2007). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and phytochemicals. Bioanálise, 4(2), 12–18.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, P. M. P., Militão, C. G. C., & Freitas, R. M. (2009). Lipoic acid effects on lipid peroxidation level, superoxide dismutase activity and monoamines concentration in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience Letters, 464(2), 131–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freinbichler, W., Bianchi, L., Colivicchi, M. A., Ballini, C., Tipton, K. F., Linert, W., (2008). The detection of hydroxyl radicals in vivo. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 102(5–6), 1329–1333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freitas, R. M. (2009). Pharmacological studies of lipoic acid on behavioral changes and activity of superoxide dismutase in the striatum of rats after seizures induced by pilocarpine. Revista Eletrônica de Farmácia, 6(1), 65–72.
   Google Scholar
• Freitas, R. M., Gomes, K. N., & Saldanha, G. B. (2010). Neuropharmacological effects of lipoic acid and ubiquinone on the mRNA level of interleukin-1beta and acetylcholinesterase activity in rat hippocampus after seizures. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 6(3), 80–86.
   Google Scholar
• Freitas, R. M., Oliveira, S. F., Saldanha, G. B., & Jordán, J. (2010). Lipoic acid alters amino acid neurotransmitters content in rat hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced seizures. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 6(3), 67–75.
   Google Scholar
• Godeiro Júnior, C.O., Aguiar, P. M. C., Felício, A. C., & Ferraz, H. B. (2007). Mitocôndria e doença de Parkinson: Contribuições da genética no conhecimento do processo patogênico. Einstein, 5(2), 177–181.
   Google Scholar
• Hald, A., & Lotharius, J. (2005). Oxidative stress and inflammation in Parkinson's disease: Is there a causal link? Experimental Neurology, 193(3), 279–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han, B. S., Hong, H. S., Choi, W. S., Markelonis, G. J., Oh, T. H., & Oh, Y. J. (2003). Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons after neurotoxin treatment. Journal Neuroscience, 23(3), 5069–5078.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanrott, K., Gudmunsen, L., O’neill, M. J., & Wonnacott, S. (2006). 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis is mediated via extracellular auto-oxidation and caspase 3-dependent activation of protein kinase Cdelta. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(9), 5373–5382.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirsch, E. C., Hunot, S., & Hartmann, A. (2005). Neuroinflammatory processes in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 11(1), 9–15.
   Google Scholar
• Ionov, I. D. (2008). Self-amplification of nigral degeneration in Parkinson's disease: A hypothesis. International Journal of Neuroscience, 118(2), 1741–1758.
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett, S. G. (2008). Mitochondrial DNA damage and impaired base excision repair during epileptogenesis. Neurobiology Disorders, 30(1), 130–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessel, T. M. (2003). Principles of Neuroscience. São Paulo: Manole.
   Google Scholar
• Kulich, S. M., & Chu, C. T. (2003). Role of reactive oxygen species in extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase phosphorylation and6-hydroxydopamine cytotoxicity. Journal of Biosciences, 28(2), 83–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunt, T., Forst, T., Wilhelm, A., Tritschler, A., Pfuetzner, A., & Harzer, O. (1999). Alpha-lipoic acid reduces expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial adhesion of human monocytes after stimulation with advanced glycation end products. Clinical Science, 96(4),75–82.
   Google Scholar
• Leist, M., & Jaattela, M. (2001). Four deaths and a funeral: From caspases to alternative mechanisms. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 2(3), 589–598.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lima, R. M., Costa, A. M. R., Souza, R. N., & Gomes, L. W. (2007). Inflamação em doenças neurodegenerativas. Revista Para Medicina, 21(2), 5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Machado, A. (2006). Functional Neuroanatomy. São Paulo: Atheneu.
   Google Scholar
• Maczurek, A., Hager, K., Kenklies, M., Sharman, M., Martins, R., Engel, J., (2008). Lipoic acid as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 60(2), 1463–1470.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin, J. H. (1999). Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas.
   Google Scholar
• Melo, L. M., Barbosa, E. R., & Caramelli, P. (2007). Cognitive decline and dementia in Parkinson's disease: Clinical features and treatment. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 34(4), 176–183.
   Google Scholar
• Mosley, R. L., Benner, E. J., Kadiu, I., Thomas, M., Boska, M. D., Hasan, K., (2006). Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Clinical Neuroscience Research, 6(3), 261–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagatsu, T., Mogi, M., Ichinose, H., & Togari, A. (2000). Cytokines in Parkinson's disease. Journal Neural Transmition, 58(4), 143–151.
   Google Scholar
• Nakabayashi, T. I. K., Chagas, M. H. N, Corrêa, A. C. L, Tumas, V, Loureiro, S. R, & Crippa, J. A. S. (2008). Prevalence of depression in Parkinson's disease. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 35(6), 219–227.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, D. G. (2008). Oxidative stress and energy crises in neuronal dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1147(3), 53–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obeso, J. A., Rodriguez-oroz, M. C., Rodríguez, M., Lanciego, J. L., Artieda, J., Gonzalo, N., (2000). Pathophysiology of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. Trends Neuroscience, 23(3), 8–19.
   Google Scholar
• Packer, L. (1999). Oxygen Club of Califórnia Annual Meeting Oxidants & Antioxidantes in Biology. San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Packer, L., Tritschler, H. J., & Wessel, K. (1997). Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 22(3), 359–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Packer, L., Witt, E. H., & Tritschler, H. J. (1995). Alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 19(3), 227–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pereira, M. C. L., Suzuki, D. E., Janjoppi, L., & Okamoto, O. K. (2007). Estratégias para neuro-restauração em modelos experimentais de doença de Parkinson. Einstein, 5(4), 142–148.
   Google Scholar
• Ravina, B. M., Fagan, S. C., Hart, R. G., Hovinga, C. A., Murphy, D. D., Dawson, T. M., (2003). Neuroprotective agents for clinical trials in Parkinson's disease: A systematic assessment. Neurology, 60(3), 1234–1240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodrigues, M., & Campos, L. C. (2006). Tegy for treatment with levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Revista Analytica, 5(23), 121–129.
   Google Scholar
• Salinthone, S., Yadav, V., Bourdette, D. N., & Carr, D. W.(2008). Lipoic acid: A novel therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases of the CNS. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets, 8(2), 132–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salvesen, G. S. (2002). Caspases and apoptosis. Essays in Biochemistry, 38(3), 9–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santos, I. M., Freitas, R. L., Saldanha, G. B., Tomé Ada, R., Jordán, J., & Freitas, R. M. (2010). Alterations on monoamines concentration in rat hippocampus produced by lipoic acid. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr, 68(3), 362–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillace, R. V., Pisenti, N., Pattamanuch, N., Galligan, S., Marracci, G. H., & Bourdette, D. N. (2007). Lipoic acid stimulates cAMP production in T lymphocytes and NK cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 354(3), 259–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scotti, L., Scotti, M. T., Cardoso, C., Pauletti, P., Castro, G. I., & Bolzani, V. S. (2007). Modelagem molecular aplicada ao desenvolvimento de moléculas com atividade antioxidante visando ao uso cosmético. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 43(2), 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Shay, K. P., Moreau, R. F., Smith, E. J., Smith, A. R., & Hagen, T. M. (2009). Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochim et Biophys Acta, 1790(2), 1149–1160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, A. R., Shenvi, S. V., Widlansky, M., Suh, J. H., & Hagen, T. M. (2004). Lipoic acid as a potential therapy for chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 11(2), 4–12.
   Google Scholar
• Syntichaki, P., & Tavernarakis, N. (2003). The biochemistry of neuronal necrosis: Rogue biology? Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 4(2), 672–684.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tatton, W. G., Chalmers, R. R., Brown, D., & Tatton, N.(2003). Apoptosis in Parkinson's disease: Signals for neuronal degradation. Annals of Neurology, 53(4), 61–70.
   Google Scholar
• Teichert, J., Kern, H. J., Tritschler, H., & Ulrich, R. (2000). Preiss, Investigations on the pharmacokinetics of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy volunteers. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 36(3), 625–628.
   Google Scholar
• Teive, H. A. G. (2005). Etiopathogenesis of Parkinson Disease. Revista Neurociências, 13(4), 132–136.
   Google Scholar
• Vale, O. C., Fonteles, D. S. R., Cabral, F. R., & Fonteles, M. C. (2003). A dual action of α-lipoic acid in the brain an electrophysiological evaluation. Arq Neuropsiquiatria, 61(3-B), 738–745.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T. D., Mazur, M., & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 39(3), 44–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vila, M., Jackson, L. V., Guégan, C., Chu, W. D., Teismann, P., & Choi, D. K. (2001). The role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease. Current Opinion in Neurology, 14(4), 483–489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, P. G., Xian, M., Tang, X., Wu, X., Wen, Z., Cai, T., (2002). Nitric oxide donors: Chemical activities and biological applications. Chemical Reviews, 102(2), 1091–1134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, S. J., & Chen, H. H. (2007). Presynaptic mechanisms underlying the a-lipoic acid facilitation of glutamate exocytosis in rat cerebral cortex nerve terminals. Neurochemistry International, 50(4), 51–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weintraub, D., Comella, C.L., & Horn, S. (2008). Parkinson's disease Part 2: Treatment of motor symptoms. The American Journal of Managed Care, 14(2 Suppl), 59–69.
   Google Scholar
• Wollin, S. D., & Jones, P. J. (2003). Alpha-lipoic acid and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Nutrition, 133(2), 3327–3330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, K., Bastia, E., & Schwarzschild, M. A. (2005). Therapeutic potential of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinsons disease. Pharmacology Therapy, 105(5), 267–310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, K., Xu, Y. H., Chen, J. F., & Schwarzschild, M. A. (2002). Caffeine's neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity shows no tolerance to chronic caffeine administration in mice. Neuroscience Letters, 322(2), 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Jia, H., Liu, J., Ao, N., Yan, B., Shen, W., (2010). Combined R-alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine exerts efficient preventative effects in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 14(1–2), 215–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, C., Huang, Y., & Przedborski, S. (2008). Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease: A mechanism of pathogenic and therapeutic significance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1147(3), 93–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar