References
- Runmarker B, Andersen O. Prognostic factors in a multiple sclerosis incidence cohort with twenty-five years of follow-up. Brain 1993;116(Pt 1):117–34.
- Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Adeleine P. Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process. Brain 2003;126:770–82.
- Kuhlmann T, Lingfeld G, Bitsch A, et al. Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time. Brain 2002;125:2202–12.
- Reynolds R, Roncaroli F, Nicholas R, et al. The neuropathological basis of clinical progression in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2011;122:155–70.
- Renoux C. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: long-term prognostic factors. Neurol Clin 2011;29:293–308.
- Tremlett H, Yousefi M, Devonshire V, et al. Impact of multiple sclerosis relapses on progression diminishes with time. Neurology 2009;73:1616–23.
- Mikaeloff Y, Caridade G, Assi S, et al. Prognostic factors for early severity in a childhood multiple sclerosis cohort. Pediatrics 2006;118:1133–39.
- Amato MP, Ponziani G. A prospective study on the prognosis of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2000;21:S831–838.
- Weinshenker BG, Bass B, Rice GP,et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. I. Clinical course and disability. Brain 1989;112 (Pt 1):133–46.
- Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Moreau T, et al. Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1430–38.
- Alroughani R, Ahmed SF, Behbahani R,et al. Increasing prevalence and incidence rates of multiple sclerosis in Kuwait. Mult Scler 2014;20:543–47.
- Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B,et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol 2011;69:292–302.
- Schumacker GA, Beebe G, Kibler RF,et al. Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis: Report by the panel on the evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965;122:552–68.
- Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L,et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983;13:227–31.
- McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G,et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001;50:121–27.
- Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983;33:1444–52.
- Lublin FD, Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 1996;46:907–11.
- Langer-Gould A, Popat RA, Huang SM,et al. Clinical and demographic predictors of long-term disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Arch Neurol 2006;63:1686–91.
- Bove RM, Healy B, Augustine A, et al. Effect of gender on late-onset multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2012;18:1472–79.
- Eriksson M, Andersen O, Runmarker B. Long-term follow up of patients with clinically isolated syndromes, relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2003;9:260–74.
- Chitnis T, Krupp L, Yeh A,et al. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurol Clin 2011;29:481–505.
- Stark W, Huppke P, Gartner J. Paediatric multiple sclerosis: the experience of the German Centre for Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood and Adolescence. J Neurol 2008;255 Suppl 6:119–22.
- Simone IL, Carrara D, Tortorella C,et al. Course and prognosis in early-onset MS: comparison with adult-onset forms. Neurology 2002;59:1922–28.
- Franklin RJ, ffrench-Constant C, Edgar JM, Smith KJ. Neuroprotection and repair in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2012;8:624–34.
- Tutuncu M, Tang J, Zeid NA,et al. Onset of progressive phase is an age-dependent clinical milestone in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2013;19:188–98.
- Sombekke MH, Wattjes MP, Balk LJ,et al. Spinal cord lesions in patients with clinically isolated syndrome: a powerful tool in diagnosis and prognosis. Neurology 2013;80:69–75.
- Patrucco L, Rojas JI, Cristiano E. Assessing the value of spinal cord lesions in predicting development of multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. J Neurol 2012;259:1317–20.
- Bergamaschi R, Berzuini C, Romani A, Cosi V. Predicting secondary progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a Bayesian analysis. J Neurol Sci 2001;189:13–21.
- Lukas C, Knol DL, Sombekke MH,et al. Cervical spinal cord volume loss is related to clinical disability progression in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014.
- Ramsaransing GS, De Keyser J. Predictive value of clinical characteristics for ‘benign’ multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:885–89.
- Binquet C, Quantin C, Le Teuff G, et al. The prognostic value of initial relapses on the evolution of disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology 2006;27:45–54.
- Weinshenker BG, Bass B, Rice GP,et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 2. Predictive value of the early clinical course. Brain 1989;112(Pt 6):1419–28.
- Shirani A, Zhao Y, Karim ME,et al. Association between use of interferon beta and progression of disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Jama 2012;308:247–56.
- Trojano M, Paolicelli D, Tortorella C,et al. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: have available therapies impacted long-term prognosis? Neurol Clin 2011;29:309–21.
- Healy BC, Engler D, Gholipour T, et al. Accounting for disease modifying therapy in models of clinical progression in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2011;303:109–13.