19
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The regulation of cardiovascular functions by monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain

&
Pages 103-148 | Received 29 Nov 1982, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Antonaccio M. J. Neuropharmacology of central mechanisms governing the circulation. Cardiovascular Pharmacology, M. J. Antonaccio. Raven Press, New York 1977; 131–165
  • Antonaccio M. J., Cavaliere T. A comparison of the effects of some inotropic and chronotropic agents on isolated atria from normotensive (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Archives internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 1974; 209: 273–282
  • Antonaccio M. J., Kerwin L., Taylor D. G. Reductions in blood pressure, heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve discharge in cats after the central administration of muscimol, a GABA agonist. Neuropharmacology 1978; 17: 783–791
  • Baraban J. M., Wang R. Y., Aghajanian G. K. Reserpine suppression of dorsal raphe neuronal firing: mediation by the adrenergic system. European Journal of Pharmacology 1978; 52: 27–36
  • Baraban J. M., Aghajanian G. K. Supression of serotonergic neuronal firing by α‐adrenoceptor antagonists: Evidence against GABA mediation. European Journal of Pharmacology 1980; 66: 287–294
  • Baum T., Shropshire A. T. Reduction of sympathetic outflow by central administration of 1‐dopa, dopamine and norepinephrine. Neuropharmacology 1973; 12: 49–56
  • Baum T., Shropshire A. T. Inhibition of efferent sympathetic nerve activity by 5‐hydroxy‐tryptophan and centrally‐administered 5‐hydroxytryptamine. Neuropharmacology 1975; 14: 227–233
  • Bhargava K. P., Misra N., Tangri K. K. An analysis of central adrenoceptors for control of cardiovascular function. British Journal of Pharmacology 1972; 45: 596–602
  • Bhargava K. P., Jain I. P., Sazena A. K., Sinha J. N., Tangri K. K. Central adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors in cardiovascular control. British Journal of Pharmacology 1978; 63: 7–15
  • Bloom F. E., Hoffer B. J., Siggins G. R. Studies on norepinephrine containing afferents to Purkinje cells of rat cerebellum: I. Localization of the fibers and their synapses. Brain Research 1971; 25: 501–521
  • Bloom F. E., Battenberg E. L. F. A rapid, simple and more sensitive method for the demonstration of central catecholamine‐containing neurons and axons by glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence: II. A detailed description of methodology. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 1976; 24: 561–571
  • Bobillier P., Seguin S., Petitjean F., Salvert D., Touret M., Jouvet M. The raphe nuclei of the cat brainstem: a topographical atlas of their efferent projections as revealed by auto‐radiography. Brain Research 1976; 113: 449–486
  • Bogdanski D. F., Weissbach H., Udenfriend S. Pharmacological studies with the serotonin precursor, 5‐hydroxytryptophan. Journal of Pharmacology & experimental Therapeutics 1958; 122: 182–194
  • Borkowski K. R., Finch L. Cardiovascular responses to intraventricular adrenaline in spontaneously hypertensive rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 1978; 47: 281–290
  • Bousquet P., Feldman J., Bloch R., Schwartz J. The central hypotensive action of baclofen in the anesthetized cat. European Journal of Pharmacology 1981; 76: 193–201
  • Bowery N. G., Hill D. R., Hudson A. L., Doble A., Middlemiss D. N., Shaw J., Turnbull M. Baclofen decreases neurotransmitter release in the mammalian CNS by an action at a novel GABA receptor. Nature (Lond.) 1980; 283: 92–94
  • Breese G. R. Chemical and immunological lesions by specific neurotoxic substances and anti‐sera. Handbook of psychopharmacology, L. L. Iverson, D. S. Iverson, S. H. Snyder. Plenum Press, New York 1975; Vol. 1: 137–189
  • Breese G. R., Howard J. L. Effect of central catecholamine alterations on the hypothermic response to 6‐hydroxydopamine in desipramine treated rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 1971; 43: 671–674
  • Brezenoff H. E., Caputi A. P. Intracerebroventricular injection of hemicholinium‐3 lowers blood pressure in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats but not normotensive rats. Life Science 1980; 26: 1037–1045
  • Buccafusco J. J., Brezenoff H. E. The hypertensive response to injection of physostigmine into the hypothalamus of the unanesthetized rat. Clinical & Experimental Hypertension 1978; 1: 219–227
  • Calaresu F. R., Faiers A. A., Mogenson G. J. Central neuronal regulation of heart and blood vessels in mammals. Progress in Neurobiology 1975; 5: 1–35
  • Carlsson A., Falck B., Hillarp M. ‐A. Cellular localization of brain monoamines. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1962; 56(Suppl. 196)1–28
  • Chalmers J. P. Neuropharmacology of central mechanisms regulating blood pressure. Central action of drugs in blood pressure regulation, D. S. Davies, J. L. Reid. University Park Press, Baltimore 1975; 36–60
  • Chalmers J. P., Reid J. L. Participation of central noradrenergic neurons in arterial baroreceptor reflexes in the rabbit: a study with intracisternally administered 6‐hydroxydopamine. Circulation Research 1972; 31: 789–804
  • Conrad L. C. A., Leonard C. M., Pfaff D. W. Connections of the median and dorsal raphe nuclei in the rat: An autoradiographic and degenerative study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1974; 156: 179–206
  • Corrodi H., Masuoka D. T., Clark W. G. Effects of 6‐hydroxydopamine on rat heart noradrenaline. European Journal of Pharmacology 1971; 15: 160–163
  • Creese I., Sibley D. R. Receptor adaptations to centrally acting drugs. Annual Review of Pharmacology & Toxicology 1981; 21: 357–391
  • Crow T. J. Neurotransmitter related pathways: The structure and function of central monoamine neurones. Biochemical correlates of brain structure and function, A. N. Davidson. Academic Press, London 1977; 137–174
  • Dahlstrom A., Fuxe K. Evidence for the existence of monoamine containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brainstem neurons. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1964; 62(Suppl. 232)1–55
  • Dahlstrom A., Fuxe K. Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. II. Experimentally induced changes in the intraneuronal amine level of bulbospinal neuron systems. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1965; 64(Suppl. 247)1–36
  • Day M. D., Roach A. G. β‐adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system of the cat concerned with the control of arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Nature New Biology 1973; 242: 30–31
  • Day M. D., Roach A. G. Central α‐ and β‐adrenoceptors modifying arterial blood pressure and heart rate in conscious cats. British Journal of Pharmacology 1974; 51: 325–333
  • Day M. D., Roach A. G. Cardiovascular effects of dopamine after central administration into conscious cats. British Journal of Pharmacology 1976; 58: 505–515
  • Day M. D., Roach A. G. Cardiovascular effects of carbachol and other cholinomimetics administered into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats. Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology 1977; 4: 431–442
  • De Jong W., Nijkamp F. P., Bohus B. Role of noradrenaline and serotonin in the central control of blood pressure in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Archives internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 1975; 213: 272–284
  • Descarries L., Leger L. Serotonin nerve terminals in the locus coeruleus of the adult rat. Interactions between putative neurotransmitters in the brain, S. Garattini, J. F. Pujol, R. Samanin. Raven Press, New York 1978; 355–367
  • Descarries L., Saucier G. Disappearance of the locus coeruleus in the rat after intraventricular 6‐hydroyxdopamine. Brain Research 1972; 37: 310–316
  • DiMicco J. A., Hamilton B. L., Gillis R. A. Central nervous system sites involved in the cardiovascular effects of picrotoxin. Journal of Pharmacology & experimental Therapeutics 1977a; 203: 64–71
  • DiMicco J. A., Prestel T., Pearle D. L., Gillis R. A. Mechanism of cardiovascular changes produced by activation of the central nervous system with picrotoxin. Circulation Research 1977b; 41: 446–451
  • DiMicco J. A., Gillis R. A. Neuro‐cardiovascular effects produced by bicuculline in the cat. Journal of Pharmacology & experimental Therapeutics 1979; 210: 1–6
  • DiMicco J. A., Gale K., Hamilton B. L., Gillis R. A. GABA receptor control of para‐sympathetic outflow of the heart: characterization and brain stem localization. Science 1979; 204: 1106–1109
  • Doha N., Reis D. J. Acute fulminating neurogenic hypertension produced by brainstem lesions in the rat. Circulation Research 1973; 32: 584–593
  • Doba N., Reis D. J. Role of central and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms in neurogenic hypertension produced by brainstem lesions in rat. Circulation Research 1974; 34: 294–302
  • Dunkley B., Sanghvi I., Friedman E., Gershon S. Comparison of behavioural and cardiovascular effects of L‐DOPA and 5‐HTP in conscious dogs. Psychopharmacologia 1972; 26: 161–172
  • Falck B., Hillarp N. ‐A., Thieme G., Torp A. Fluorescence of catecholamines and related compounds with formaldehyde. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 1962; 10: 348–354
  • Fallon J. H., Koizell D. A., Moore R. Y. Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. II. Amygdala, suprarhinal coretx and autorhinal cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1978; 180: 509–532
  • Fallon J. H., Moore R. Y. Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. III. Olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1978; 180: 533–544
  • Feigl E. O. Vasoconstriction resulting from diencephalic stimulation. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1964; 60: 372–380
  • Forsyth R. P. Hypothalamic control of the distribution of cardiac output in the unanaesthetized rhesus monkey. Circulation Research 1970; 26: 783–794
  • Fuxe K. Evidence for the existence of monoamine containing neurons in the csntral nervous system. III. The monoamine nerve terminal. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 1965a; 65: 572–596
  • Fuxe K. Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. IV. Distribution of monoamine nerve terminals in the central nervous system. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1965b; 64(Suppl. 247)39–85
  • Fuxe K., Hamberger B., Hokfelt T. Distribution of noradrenaline nerve terminals in cortical areas of the rat. Brain Research 1968; 8: 125–131
  • Fuxe K., Hokfelt T., Bolme P., Goldstein M., Johansson O., Jonsson G., Lidbrink P., Ljungdahl A., Sachs C. The topography of central catecholamine pathways in relation to their possible role in blood pressure control. Central action of drugs in blood pressure regulation, D. S. Davies, J. L. Reid. University Park Press, Baltimore 1975; 8–23
  • Gallager D. W., Aghajanian G. K. Effect of antipsychotic drugs on the firing of dorsal raphe cells. I. The role of the adrenergic system. European Journal of Pharmacology 1976; 39: 341–355
  • Gianutsos G., Moore K. E. Epinephrine contents of sympathetic ganglia and brain regions of spontaneously hypertensive rats of different ages. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology & Medicine 1978; 158: 45–49
  • Grobecker H., Roizen M. F., Weise V., Saavedra J. M., Kopin I. J. Sympathoadrenal medullary activity in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nature 1975; 258: 267–268
  • Guyton A. C., Coleman T. G., Cowley A. W., Jr., Scheel K. W., Manning R. D., Jr., Norman R. A., Jr. Arterial pressure regulation. Overriding dominance of the kidneys in long‐term regulation and in hypertension. Hypertension mechanisms, J. H. Laragh. DunDonnelley Publ. Co., New York 1975
  • Haeusler G., Gerold M., Thoenen T. Cardiovascular effects of 6‐hydroxydopamine injected into a lateral brain ventricle of the rat. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Archiv für Pharmacologie 1972; 274: 211–228
  • Helke C. J., Muth E. A., Jacobowitz D. M. Changes in central cholinergic neurons in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Brain Research 1980; 188: 425–436
  • Hoffman W. E. Central cardiovascular and antidiuretic action of adrenergic drugs. Neuropharmacology 1979a; 18: 7–12
  • Hoffman W. E. Central cholinergic receptors in cardiovascular and anti‐diuretic effects in rats. Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology 1979b; 6: 373–380
  • Hoffman W. E., Phillips M. I., Schmid P. G., Falcon J., Weet J. F. Antidiuretic hormone release and the pressor response to central angiotensin II and cholinergic stimulation. Neuro‐pharmacology 1977; 16: 463–472
  • Hoffman W. E., Schmid P. G., Phillips M. I. Central cholinergic and noradrenergic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Pharmacology & experimental Therapeutics 1978; 206: 644–651
  • Hokfelt T., Fuxe K., Goldstein M., Joh T. H. Immunohistochemical studies of three catecholamine synthesizing enzymes: aspects on methodology. Histochemistry 1973a; 33: 231–254
  • Hokfelt T., Fuxe K., Goldstein M., Johansson O. Evidence for adrenaline neurons in the rat brain. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1973b; 89: 286–288
  • Hokfelt T., Fuxe K., Goldstein M., Johansson O. Immunohistochemical evidence for the existence of adrenaline neurons in the rat brain. Brain Research 1974; 66: 235–251
  • Howe P. R. C., Provis J. C., West M. J., Chalmers J. P. Changes in cardiac norepinephrine in spontaneously hypertensive and stroke‐prone rats. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1979; 1: 115–122
  • Iijima T., Philippu A. Failure of isoprenaline and beta‐receptor blocking drugs to modify depressor response and bradycardia induced by electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus of cats. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Archiv für Pharmacologie 1980; 312: 27–30
  • Ito A., Schanberg S. M. Central nervous system mechanisms responsible for blood pressure elevation induced by p‐chlorophenylalanine. Journal of Pharmacology & experimental Therapeutics 1972; 181: 65–74
  • Iversen L. L. The uptake and storage of noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1967
  • Jacobowitz D. M. Monoaminergic pathways in the central nervous system. Psychopharmacology: a generation of progress, M. A. Lipton, A. DiMascio, K. F. Killam. Raven Press, New York 1979; 119–129
  • Joh T. H., Shikimi T., Pickel V. M., Reis D. J. Brain tryptophan hydroxylase: Purification of, production of antibodies to, and cellular and ultrastructural localization in serotonergic neurons of the rat midbrain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1975; 72: 3575–3579
  • Jones B. E., Moore R. Y. Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat. II. Autoradiographic study. Brain Research 1977; 127: 23–53
  • Jonsson G., Fuxe K., Hokfelt T., Goldstein M. Resistance of central phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyl transferase containing neurons to 6‐hydroxydopamine. Medical Biology 1976; 54: 421–426
  • Juskevich J. C., Robinson D. S., Whitehorn D. Effect of hypothalamic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar‐Kyoto rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 1978; 51: 429–439
  • Kaneko Y., McCubbin J. W., Page I. H. Mechanism by which serotonin, norepinephrine and reserpine cause central vasomotor inhibition. Circulation Research 1960; 8: 849–858
  • Kobayashi R. M., Palkovits M., Kopin I. J., Jacobowitz D. M. Biochemical mapping of nor‐adrenergic nerves arising from the rat locus coeruleus. Brain Research 1974; 77: 269–279
  • Kobinger W. Central α‐adrenergic systems as targets for hypotensive drugs. Reviews of Physiology Biochemistry & Pharmacology 1978; 81: 39–100
  • Korner P. I., Oliver J. R., Reynoldson J. A., Head G. A., Carson V. J., Mc Walker D. Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of intracisternal 6‐hydroxydopamine in the rabbit. European Journal of Pharmacology 1978; 53: 83–93
  • Koslow S. H., Schlumpf M. Quantitation of adrenaline in rat brain nuclei and areas by mass fragmentography. Nature (Lond) 1974; 251: 530–531
  • Kostrzewa R. M., Jacobowitz D. M. Pharmacological actions of 6‐hydroxydopamine. Pharmacology Review 1974; 26: 199–288
  • Kristic M. K., Djurkovic D. Cardiovascular response to intracerebroventricular administration of acetylcholine in rats. Neuropharmacology 1978; 17: 341–347
  • Kubo T., Hashimoto M. Effects of intraventricular and intraspinal 6‐hydroxydopamine on blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Archives internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 1978; 232: 176–176
  • Kuhar M. J., Atweh S. F. Distribution of some suspected neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Reviews of neuroscience, S. Ehrenpreis, I. Kopin. Raven Press, New York 1978; Vol. 3: 35–76
  • Lang W. J., Woodman O. L. Cardiovascular responses produced by the injection of dopamine into the cerebral ventricles of the unanaesthetized dog. British Journal of Pharmacology 1979; 66: 235–240
  • Langer S. Z., Enero M. A., Adler‐Graschinsky E., Dubocovich M. L., Celuchi S. M. Presynaptic regulatory mechanisms for noradrenaline release by nerve stimulation. Central actions of drugs in blood pressure regulation, D. S. Davies, J. L. Reid. Pitman, Tun‐bridge Wells 1975; 133–150
  • Laverty R., Aharman D. E., Vogt M. Action of 2, 4, 5‐trihydroxyphenylethylamine on the storage and release of noradrenaline. British Journal of Pharmacology 1965; 24: 549–560
  • Leger L., Descarries L. Serotonin nerve terminals in the locus coeruleus of adult rat: A radioautographic study. Brain Research 1978; 145: 1–13
  • Levitt P., Moore R. Y. Noradrenaline neuron innervation of the neocortex in the rat. Brain Research 1978; 139: 219–232
  • Lewis B. D., Renaud B., Buda M., Pujol J. Time‐course variations in tryosine hydroxylase activity in the rat locus coeruleus after electrolytic destruction of the nuclei raphe dorsalis or raphe centralis. Brain Research 1976; 108: 339–349
  • Lewis P. J., Rawlins M. D., Reid J. L. Acute thermoregulatory and cardiovascular effects of 6‐hydroxydopamine administration centrally in rabbits and cats. British Journal of Pharmocology 1972; 44: 559P
  • Ljungdahl A., Hokfelt T., Jonsson G., Sachs C. Autoradiographic demonstration of uptake and accumulation of H3–6‐hydroxydopamine in adrenergic nerves. Experientia 1971; 27: 297–299
  • Loewy A. D., McKellar S. The neuroanatomical basis of central cardiovascular control. Federation Proceedings 1980; 39: 2495–2503
  • Loizou L. A. Projections of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the albino rat. Brain Research 1969; 15: 563–566
  • Lorens S. A., Guldberg H. C. Regional 5‐hydroxytryptamine following selective midbrain raphe lesions in the rat. Brain Research 1974; 78: 45–56
  • Louis W. J. Turnover of catecholamines in experimental hypertension. Circulation Research 1970; 26 and 27(Suppl. II)49
  • Louis W. J., Spector S., Tabei R., Sjoerdsma A. Synthesis and turnover of norepinephrine in the heart of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Circulation Research 1969a; 24: 85–91
  • Louis W. J., Tabei R., Spector S., Sjoerdsma A. Studies on the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Genealogy, effects of varying salt intake, and kinetics of catecholamine metabolism. Circulation Research 1969b; 24 and 25(Suppl. I)93–102
  • Louis W. J., Krauss K. R., Kopin I. J., Sjoerdsma A. Catecholamine metabolism in hypertensive rats. Circulation Research 1970; 27: 589–594
  • Maeda T., Shimizu N. (Ascending amine fibers from locus coeruleus and other pontine amine neurons to forebrain of rat) (in French). Brain Research 1972; 36: 19–35
  • Maeda T., Pin C., Salvert D., Ligier M., Jouvet M. (Catecholamine containing neurons in pontine tegmentum and their pathways in cat) (in French). Brain Research 1973; 57: 119
  • Malmfors T., Sachs C. Degeneration of adrenergic nerves produced by 6‐hydroxydopamine. European Journal of Pharmacology 1968; 3: 89–92
  • McCubbin J. W., Kaneko Y., Page I. H. Ability of serotonin and norepinephrine to mimic the central effects of reserpine on vasomotor activity. Circulation Research 1960; 8: 849–858
  • McGregor D. D., Smirk F. H. Vascular responses to 5‐hydroxytryptamine in genetic and renal hypertensive rats. American Journal of Physiology 1970; 219: 687–690
  • Minneman K. P., Hedstrand L. R., Molinoff P. B. Simultaneous determination of beta‐1 and beta‐2‐adrenergic receptors in tissues containing both receptor subtypes. Molecular Pharmacology 1979; 16: 34–46
  • Miura M., Reis D. J. Role of the solitary and paramedian reticular nuclei in mediating cardiovascular reflex responses from carotid baro‐ and chemoreceptors. Journal of Physiology (Lond.) 1972; 223: 525–548
  • Morgane P. J., Jacobs M.S. Raphe projections to the locus coeruleus in the rat. Brain Research Bulletin 1979; 4: 519–534
  • Nagaoka A., Lovenberg W. Plasma norepinephrine and dopamine‐β‐hydroyxlase in genetic hypertensive rats. Life Science 1976; 59: 29–34
  • Nagatsu T., Kato T., Numata(sudo) Y., Ikuta K., Sano M., Nagatsu I., Umezawa H., Matsuzaki M., Takeuchi T. Norepinephrine‐synthesizing enzymes in brain, adrenals and peripheral sympathetic nerves of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 1977; 27: 531–535
  • Nahorski S. R. Heterogeneity of cerebral β‐adrenoceptor binding sites in various vertebrate species. European Journal of Pharmacology 1978; 51: 199–209
  • Nathan M. A., Reis D. J. Fulminating arterial hypertension with pulmonary edema from release of adrenomedeullary catecholamines after lesions of the anterior hypothalamus in the rat. Circulation Research 1975; 37: 226–256
  • Oberg B. Overall cardiovascular regulation. Annual Review of Physiology 1976; 38: 537–570
  • Ogawa M. Interaction between noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms on the central regulation of blood pressure in the rat: A study using experimental central hypertension produced by chemical lesions of the locus coeruleus. Japanese Circulation Journal 1978; 42: 581–597
  • Okamoto K. Spontaneous hypertension in rats. International Review of experimental Pathology 1969; 7: 227–270
  • Okamoto K., Nosaka S., Yamori Y., Matsumoto M. Participation of neural factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Japanese Heart Journal 1967; 8: 168–180
  • Palkovits M., Zaborszky L. Neuroanatomy of central cardiovascular control. Nucleus tractus solitarii: afferent and efferent neuronal connections in relation to the baroreceptor reflex arc. Progress in Brain Research 1977; 37: 9–34
  • Persson B. Cardiovascular effects of intracerebroventricular GABA, glycine and muscimol in the rat. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Archiv für Pharmacologie 1980; 133: 225–236
  • Persson B., Henning M. Central cardiovascular and biochemical effects of baclofen in the conscious rat. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology 1980; 32: 417–422
  • Philippu A., Przuntek H., Roensberg W. Superfusion of the hypothalamus with gamma‐amino butyric acid: effect on release of noradrenaline and blood pressure. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Archiv für Pharmacologie 1973a; 276: 103–118
  • Philippu A., Roensberg W., Przuntek H. Effects of adrenergic drugs on pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Archiv für Pharmacologie 1973b; 278: 373–386
  • Philippu A., Demmeler R., Roensberg G. Effects of centrally applied drugs on pressor response to hypothalamic stimulation. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Archiv für Pharmacologie 1974; 282: 389–400
  • Philippu A., Bohuschke N. Hypothalamic superfusion with muscarinic drugs; their effects on pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation. Naunyn‐Schmiedeber's Archiv für Pharmacologie 1976; 292: 1–7
  • Philippu A., Schartner P. Inhibition by locally applied alpha‐adrenoreceptor blocking drugs of the depressor response to stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Archiv für Pharmacologie 1976; 295: 1–7
  • Philippu A., Kittel E. Presence of beta‐adrenoreceptors in the hypothalamus; their importance for the pressor response to hypothalamic stimulation. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Archiv für Pharmacologie 1977; 297: 219–225
  • Philippu A., Stroehl U. Beta‐adrenoreceptors of the posterior hypothalamus. Clinical & Experimental Hypertension 1978; 1: 25–38
  • Pittman R. N., Minneman K. P., Molinoff P. B. Ontogeny of β1 and β2‐adrenergic receptors in rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Brain Research 1980; 188: 357–368
  • Porter C. C., Totaro J. A., Stone C. A. Effect of 6‐hydroxydopamine and some other compounds on the concentration of norepinephrine in the hearts of mice. Journal of Pharmacology & experimental Therapeutics 1963; 140: 308–316
  • Reis D. J. Central neuronal mechanisms governing the circulation with particular reference to the lower brainstem and cerebellum. Renal and psychological mechanisms in cardiovascular disease, A. Zanchetti. Casa Editrice Il Ponte, Milano 1972; 255–280
  • Reis D. J., Doba N. The central nervous system and neurogenic hypertension. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease 1974; 17: 51–71
  • Reis D. J., Doba N., Snyder D. W., Nathan M. A. Brain lesions and hypertension: Chronic lability and elevation of arterial pressure produced by electrolytic lesions and 6‐hydroxydopamine treatment of nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in rat and cat. Progress in Brain Research 1977; 47: 169–188
  • Renaud B., Buda M., Lewis B. D., Pujol J. F. Effects of 5, 6‐dihydroxytryptamine on tryosine‐hydroxylase activity in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat. Biochemistry & Pharmacology 1975; 24: 1739–1742
  • Renaud B., Fouriere S., Denoroy L., Vincent M., Pujol J. F., Sassard J. Early increase in phenylethanolamine‐n‐methyl transferase activity in a new strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Research 1978; 159: 149–159
  • Richardson J. S., Lamprecht F., Kazic T., Kopin I. J. Reduction in brain tryosine hydroxylase activity following acetylcholinesterase blockade in rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 1976; 54: 774–778
  • Richardson J. S., Richardson A. K. The biphasic dose‐response effect of baclofen on haloperidol catalepsy in the rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior 1982; 17: 855–856
  • Russell G. V. The locus coeruleus (dorsolateralis tegmenti). Texas Report Biology & Medicine 1955; 13: 938–988
  • Saavedra J. M., Palkovits M., Brownstein M. J., Axelrod J. Localization of phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase in rat brain nuclei. Nature (Lond.) 1974; 248: 695–696
  • Saavedra J. M., Grobecker H., Axelrod J. Changes in central catecholaminergic neurons in the spontaneously (genetic) hypertensive rat. Circulation Research 1978; 42: 529–534
  • Sakai K., Touret M., Salvert D., Leger L., Jouvet M. Afferent projections to the cat locus coeruleus as visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Brain Research 1977a; 119: 21–41
  • Sakai K., Salvert D., Touret M., Jouvet M. Afferent connections of the nucleus raphe dorsalis in the cat as visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Brain Research 1977b; 137: 11–35
  • Scriabine A., Clineschmidt B. V., Sweet C. S. Central noradrenergic control of blood pressure. Annual Review of Pharmacology & Toxicology 1976; 16: 113–123
  • Smith O. A. Reflex and central mechanisms involved in the control of the heart and circulation. Annual Review of Physiology 1974; 36: 93–124
  • Snyder D. W., Nathan M. A., Reis D. J. Chronic lability of arterial pressure produced by selective destruction of the catecholamine innervation of the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat. Circulation Research 1978; 43: 662–671
  • Starke K. Regulation of noradrenaline release by presynaptic receptor systems. Review of Physiology, Biochemistry & Pharmacology 1977; 77: 1–124
  • Starke K. Presynaptic receptors. Annual Review of Pharmacology & Toxicology 1981; 21: 7–30
  • Stone C. A., Porter C. C., Stavorski J. M., Ludden C. T., Totaro J. A. Antagonism of certain effects of catecholamine‐depleting agents by antidepressants and related drugs. Journal of Pharmacology & experimental Therapeutics 1964; 144: 196–204
  • Struyker Boudier H. A. J., Smeets G. W. M., Brower G. M., van Rossum J. M. Hypothalamic alpha adrenergic receptors in cardiovascular regulation. Neuropharmacology 1974a; 13: 837–846
  • Struyker Boudier H. A. J., Smeets G. W. M., Brower G. M., van Rossum J. M. Central and peripheral alpha adrenergic activity of imidazoline derivatives. Life Sciences 1974b; 15: 887–899
  • Struyker Boudier H. A. J., Smeets G. W. M., Brower G., van Rossum J. M. Central nervous system α‐adrenergic mechanisms and cardiovascular regulation in rats. Archives internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 1975a; 213: 285–293
  • Struyker Boudier H. A. J., de Boer J., Smeets G. W. M., Lien E. J., van Rossum J. M. Structure activity for central and peripheral alpha adrenergic activities of imidazoline derivatives. Life Sciences 1975b; 17: 377–386
  • Swanson L. W., Hartman B. K. The central adrenergic system. An immunofluorescence study of the location of cell bodies and their efferent connections in the rat utilizing dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase as a marker. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1975; 163: 467–506
  • Takahashi H., Bunag R. D. Augmentation of centrally induced alpha‐adrenergic vaso‐depression in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1980; 2: 198–206
  • Takahashi Y., Satoh K., Sakumoto T., Tohyama M., Shimizu N. A major source of catecholamine terminals in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Brain Research 1979; 172: 372–377
  • Thoenen H., Tranzer J. P. The pharmacology of 6‐hydroxydopamine. Annual Review of Pharmacology 1973; 13: 169–180
  • Thomas M. R., Calaresu F. R. Hypothalamic inhibition of chemoreceptor‐induced bradycardia in the cat. American Journal of Physiology 1973; 225: 201–208
  • Tranzer J. P., Thoenen H. An electron microscopic study of selective acute degeneration of sympathetic nerve terminals after administration of 6‐hydroxydopamine. Experientia 1968; 24: 155–156
  • Tranzer J. P., Thoenen H. Selective destruction of adrenergic nerve terminals by chemical analogues of 6‐hydroxydopamine. Experientia 1973; 29: 314–315
  • Unger T., Ganten D., Lang R. E., Rascher W. Brain peptides and blood pressure control. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 1981; 2: 289–292
  • Ungerstedt U. Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1971; 82(Suppl. 367)1–48
  • Van Der Gugten J., Palkovits M., Wijnen H. L. J. M., Versteeg D. H. G. Regional distribution of adrenaline in rat brain. Brain Research 1976; 107: 171–175
  • Versteeg D. H. G., Palkovits M., Van der Gugten J., Wijnen H. J. L. M., Smeets G. W. M., De Jong W. The spontaneously hypertensive rat: Catecholamine levels in individual brain regions. Progress in Brain Research 1977; 47: 111–116
  • Ward D. G., Baertschi A. J., Gunn D. S. Activation of solitary nucleus neurons from the locus coeruleus and vicinity. Neuroscience Abstracts 1975; 1: 424
  • Wijnen H. J. L. M., Palkovits M., De Jong W., Versteeg D. H. G. Elevated adrenaline content in nuclei of the medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus during the development of spontaneous hypertension. Brain Research 1978; 157: 191–195
  • Wilkening D., Dvorkin B., Makman M. H., Lew J. Y., Matsumoto J., Baba Y., Goldstein M., Fuxe K. Catecholamine‐stimulated cyclic AMP formation in phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase containing brain stem nuclei of normal rats and rats with spontaneous genetic hypertension. Brain Research 1980; 186: 133–143
  • Williford D. J., DiMicco J. A., Gillis R. A. Evidence for the presence of a tonically active forebrain GABA system influencing central sympathetic outflow in the cat. Neuropharmacology 1980; 19: 245–250
  • Wing L. M. H., Chalmers J. P. Effects of p‐chlorophenylalanine on blood pressure and heart rate in normal rabbits and with neurogenic hypertension. Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology 1974a; 1: 219–229
  • Wing L. M. H., Chalmers J. P. Participation of central serotonergic neurons in control of circulation of unanesthetized rabbit study using 5, 6‐dihydroxytryptamine in experimental neurogenic and renal hypertension. Circulation Research 1974b; 35: 504–513
  • Yamori Y. Contribution of cardiovascular factors to the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. Japanese Heart Journal 1974; 15: 194–196
  • Yamori Y. Neural and non‐neural mechanisms in spontaneous hypertension. Clinical Science & Molecular Medicine 1976; 51: 431s–434s
  • Yamori Y., Okamoto K. Hypothalamic tonic regulation of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Japanese Circulation Journal 1969; 33: 509–519
  • Yamori Y., Nakada T., Lovenberg W. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on lysine incorporation into vascular protein of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. European Journal of Pharmacology 1976; 38: 349–355
  • Zandberg P., Palkovits M., De Jong W. Effect of various lesions in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat on blood pressure, heart rate and cardiovascular reflex responses. Clinical & Experimental Hypertension 1978; 1: 355–379

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.