5
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

New Vistas in Chronic Schizophrenia

, &
Pages 355-367 | Received 18 Aug 1986, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Ackner B., Oldham A. J. Insulin treatment of schizophrenia. Lancet 1962; 1: 504–506
  • Alphonsus S., Lichtigfeld F. J. Regional neuronal activity in schizophrenia. South African Medical Journal 1984; 66: 126
  • Altschule M. D. Effect of a pineal extract on carbohydrate metabolism in schizophrenic patients. Frontiers of pineal physiology, M. D. Altschule. MIT Press, London 1975; 197–203
  • Antelman S. M., Eichler J., Black C. A., Kocan D. Interchangeability of stress and amphetamines in sensitization. Science 1980; 207: 329–31
  • Bachelard H. S. Brain biochemistry; Second edition. Chapman and Hall, London 1976; 7–11
  • Barron M. J., Roth R. H. Pharmacology of mesocortical dopamine neurons. Pharmacological Reviews 1983; 35: 53–69
  • Belmaker R. H., Lerer B., Zohr J. Salbutamol treatment of depression. Typical and atypical anlidepressunr. Clinical practice, E. Costa, G. Racagni. Raven Press, New York 1982; 181–193
  • Bigelow L. B. Some effects of aqueous pineal extract administration on chronic schizophrenia symptoms. Frontiers of pineal physiology, M. D. Altschule. MIT Press, London 1975; 225–263
  • Biggio G., Casu M., Corda M. G., DiBelli C., Gessa G. L. Stimulation of dopamine synthesis in caudate nucleus by intrastriatal encephalins and antagonism by naloxine. Science 1978; 200: 552–554
  • Bjerkenstedt L., Edman G., Hagenfeldt L., Sedvall G., Wiesel F. A. Plasma amino acids in relation to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic and health controls. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 147: 276–282
  • Brodie J. D., Christman D. R., Corona J. F., Fowler J. S., Gomez-Mont F., Jaeger J., Michaels P. A., Rotrosen J., Russell J. A., Volkow N. D., Wikler A., Wolf A. P., Wolkin A. Patterns of metabolic activity in the treatment of schizophrenia. Annals of Neurology. Supplement 1984; 15: S166–S169
  • Brodie J. D., Wolf A. P., Volkow N., Christman D. R., De Fina P., De Leon M., Farkas T., Ferris S. H., Fowler J. S., Gomez-Mont F., Jaeger J., Russell J. A. G., Stamm R., Yonekura Y. Evaluation of regional glucose metabolism with positron emission tomography in normal and psychiatric populations. Positron emission tomography of the brain, W. D. Heiss, M. E. Phelps. Springer-Verlag, New York 1983; 201–206
  • Buchsbaum M. S., Ingvar D. H., Kessler R., Waters R. N., Capelletti J., van Kammen D. P., King A. C., Johnson J. L., Manning R. G., Flynn R. W., Mann L. S., Bunney W. E., Sokoloff L. Cerebral glucography with positron tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 251–260
  • Buchsbaum M. S., Cappeletti J., Ball R., Hazlett E., King A. C, Johnson J., Wu J., DeLisi L. E. Positron emission tomographic image measurement in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Annals of Neurology, Supplement to Volume 1984; 15: 5157–5165
  • Costall B., Naylor R. J. Recent developments in the drug treatment of schizophrenia. Biochemistry of schizophrenia and addiction, G. Hemmings. MTP Press, Lancaster 1980; 327–336
  • Crow T. J. The pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Biochemistry of schizophrenia and addiction, G. Hemmings. MTP Press, Lancaster 1980; 19–38
  • Daniel P. M., Love E. R., Pratt O. E. The influence of insulin upon the metabolism of glucose by the brain. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 1977; 85–104, B196
  • Donelly J. Discussion in insulin treatment in psychiatry, M. Kinkel, H. E. Himwich. Philosophical Library, New York 1959; 135
  • Drenick E. J., Alvarez L. C., Tamasi G. C., Brickman A. S. Resistance to symptomatic insulin reactions after fasting. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1972; 51: 2757–2762
  • Farkas T., Wolf A. P., Jaeger J., Brodie J. D., Christman D. R., Fowler J. S. Regional brain glucose metabolism in chronic schizophrenia. A positron emission trance-axial tomographic study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1984; 41: 293–300
  • Farkas T., Reivich M., Alavi A., Greenberg J. H., Fowler J. S., MacGregor R. R., Christman D. R., Wolf A. P. The application of (18)2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose and positron emission tomography in the study of psychiatric conditions. Cerebral metabolism and neural function, J. V. Passonneau, R. A. Hawkins, W. D. Lust, F. A. Welsh. Williams and Wilkins, London 1980; 403–408
  • Farley L. J., Price R. S., McCullough E., Deck J. H. N., Hordynski W., Hornkykiewicz O. Norepinephrine in chronic paranoid schizophrenia: Above normal levels in limbic forebrain. Science 1978; 200: 456–458
  • Freedman R., Kirch D., Bell J., Adler L. E., Pecevich M., Pachtman E., Denver P. Clonidine treatment of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1982; 65: 35–45
  • Fujimoto A., Nagao T., Ebara T., Sato M., Otsuki S. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites during alcohol withdrawal syndrome and recovered state. Biological Psychiatry 1983; 18: 1141–1152
  • Frohman C., Luby E. D., Tourney G., Beckett P. G. S., Gottlieb J. S. Steps toward the isolation of a serum factor in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1960; 117: 401–408
  • Geiger A. Correlation of brain metabolism and function by the use of a brain perfusion method in situ. Physiological Reviews 1958; 38: 1–20
  • Gianini A. J., Houser W. L., Jr., Loiselle R. H., Giannini M. C., Price W. A. Antimanic effects of verapamil. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 141: 1602–1603
  • Gluckman L. Ventolin psychosis. New Zealand Medical Journal 1974; 80: 411
  • Gordon M., Zeller W., Donnelly J. A biochemical evaluation of the activity of certain tranquilizers and their relationship to hormonal function. American Journal of Psychiatry 1957; 114: 201–205
  • Grahame-Smith D. G., Orr M. W. Clinical psychopharmacology. Recent advances in clinical pharmacology, P. Turner, D. G. Shand. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1978; 175–187
  • Greaves M. F. Cellular recognition. Chapman and Hall, London 1975; 26–32
  • Harik S. T., LaManna J. C, Light A. I., Rosenthal M. Cerebral norepinephrine: Influence on cortical oxidative metabolism in situ. Science 1979; 206: 69–71
  • Harden T. K. Agonist-induced desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor-linked adenylate cyclase. Pharmacological Reviews 1983; 35: 5–32
  • Havrankova J., Roth J., Brownstein M. Insulin receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system of the rat. Nature 1978; 272: 827–829
  • Heffner T. G., Hartman J. A., Seiden L. S. Feeding increases dopamine metabolism in the rat brain. Science 1980; 208: 1169–1170
  • Henneman D. H., Altschule M. D., Gomez R. M. Carbohydrate metabolism in brain disease. Archives of Internal Medicine 1954; 94: 402–416
  • Hertz M. M., Paulson O. B., Barry D. I., Christiansen J. S., Svendsen P. A. Increases glucose transfer across the blood-brain barrier in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1981; 67: 597–604
  • Hokfelt T., Rehfeld J. F., Skirboll L., Ivemark B., Goldstein M., Markey K. Evidence for coexistence of dopamine and CCK in meso-limbic neurones. Nature 1980; 285: 476–478
  • Iversen S. D., Fray P. J. Brain catecholamines in relation to affect. The neural basis of behavior, A. L. Beckman. MTP Press, LancesterEngland 1982; 229–269, Chapter 12
  • Kebabian J. W., Calne D. B. Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature 1979; 277: 93–96
  • Kessler R. M., Clark C. M., Buchsbaum M. S., Holcom H., Margolin R. A., Cappeletti J., Channing M., Manning R. G., van Kammen D. P., King A. C., Johnson J. Regional correlations in patterns of glucose use in patients with schizophrenia and normal subjects during mild pain stimulation. Positron emission tomography of the brain, W. D. Heiss, M. E. Phelps. Springer-Verlag, New York 1983; 196–200
  • Kruk Z. L., Pycock C. L. Neurotransmitters and drugs. Croom Helm, London 1979; 48–55
  • Lake C. R., Sternberg D. E., van Kammen D. P., Ballenger J. C, Ziegler M. G., Post R. M., Kopin I. J., Bunney W. E. Schizophrenia: Elevated cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine. Science 1980; 207: 331–333
  • Lecrubier Y., Puech A S. J., Jouvent R., Simon P., Widlocher D. A beta-adrenergic stimulant (salbutamol) versus clomipramine in depression: A controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 136: 354–358
  • Lozovsky D. B., Kopin I. J., Sailer C. F. Chronic insulin treatment modulates dopamine receptor supersensitivity: Implication in schizophrenia. Abstracts. IVth World Congress of Biological Pscyhiatry, PhiladelphiaUSA, September, 8–13, 1985; 81
  • Lynch H. D., Anderson M. H. Atropine coma therapy in psychiatry: Clinical observations over a 20 year period and a review of the literature. Diseases of the Nervous System 1975; 36: 648–652
  • Mandel M. R., Severe J. B., Schooler N. R., Gelenberg A. J., Mieske M. Development and prediction of postpsychotic depression in neuroleptic-treated schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 197–203
  • Margolis R. U., Altszuler N. Insulin in the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature 1967; 215: 1375–1376
  • Mason S. T., Fibiger H. C. Possible behavioural function for noradrenaline-acetylcholine interaction in brain. Nature 1979; 277: 396–397
  • McCaleb M. L., Meyers R. D., Singer G., Willis G. Hypothalamic norepinephrine in the rat during feeding and push-pull perfusion with glucose 2-DG, or insulin. American Journal of Physiology 1979; 236: 312–321
  • Means A. R., Dedman J. R. Calmodulin—an intracellular calcium receptor. Nature 1980; 285: 73–77
  • Moller H. J., Zerssen D. Depressive Symptomatik im statkmaren Behandlungsverlauf von 280 schizophrenen Patienten. Pharmacopsychiatrie 1981; 14: 172–179
  • Morgan M. Y. Bromocriptine in the treatment of chronic encephalopathy and its effect on the handling of alcohol by control subjects and alcoholics. Research and Clinical Forums 1981; 3: 39–47
  • Nair N. P. V., Bloom D. M., Nestoros J. N. Cholecystokinin appears to have antipsychotic properties. Progress in Neuropsypharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1982; 8: 509–512
  • Nair N. P. V., Bloom D. M., Nestoros J. N., Schwartz G. Therapeutic efficacy of cholecystokinin in neuroleptic schizophrenic subjects. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1983; 19: 134–136
  • Patten B. M. Beneficial effect of D-ribose in patient with myadenylate deaminase deficiency. Lancet 1982; 1: 1071
  • Perkins J. P., Moore M. M. Characterization of the adrenergic receptors mediating a rise in cyclic 3/,5/-adenosine monophosphate in rat cerebral cortex. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1973; 185: 371–378
  • Puro D. G., Agardh E. Insulin-mediated regulation of neuronal maturation. Science 1984; 225: 1170–1172
  • Raichle M. E. Positron emission tomography: Progress in brain and brain imaging. Nature 1985; 317: 574–576
  • Reinis S., Goldman M. The chemistry of behavior. Plenum Press, New York 1982; 125–258
  • Robbins T. W., Koob G. F. Selective disruption of displacement behaviour by lesions of the mesolimhic dopamine system. Nature 1980; 285: 409–412
  • Rodgers J. E. Roots of madness. Science 1982; 82(3)84–91
  • Routtenberg A. The reward systems of the brain. Scientific American 1978; 239: 122–131
  • Sacks W. Cerebral metabolism of isotopic glucose in chronic mental disease. Journal of Applied Physiology 1959; 14: 849–854
  • Saito A., Sankaran H., Goldfine I. D., William J. A. Cholecystokinin receptors in the brain: Characterization and distribution. Science 1980; 208: 1155–1156
  • Sandyk R. The effect of dopamine hydrochloride on insulin action in isolated rat adipocytes. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1984
  • Schardt F., Hesse R. The effect of nadolol on lipolysis. International experience with Nadolol—A long-acting beta-blocking agent, F. Gross. No. 37 in International Symposium Series, Royal Society of Medicine, London 1979; 45–50
  • Schmidt P. Über Organtherapie und Insulinbehandlung bei endogenen Geistesstorungen. Klinik Woch 1928; 7: 839
  • Wortis J. Insulin Treatment in Psychiatry, M. Rinkel, H. E. Himwich. Philosophical Library, New York, 20
  • Schneider B. S., Monahan J. W., Hirsch J. Brain cholecystokinin and nutritional status in rats and mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1979; 64: 1348–1356
  • Schultz J. Psychoactive drug effects on a system which generates cyclic AMP in brain. Nature 1976; 261: 417–418
  • Schwartz W. J., Sharp F. R., Gunn R. F., Evarts E. V. Lesions of ascending dopaminergic pathways decrease forebrain glucose uptake. Nature 1976; 261: 155–157
  • Sem-Jacohsen C. W., Petersen M. C., Lazarte J. A., Dodge H. W., Holman C. B. lntracerebral electrographic recordings from psychotic patients during hallucinations and agitation. The Amercican Journal of Psychiatry 1955; 112: 278–288
  • Sem-Jacobsen C. W., Styri O. B. Manipulation of emotion: Electrophysiological and surgical methods. Emotions—their parameters and measurement, M. Levi. Raven Press, New York 1975; 645–676
  • Sikes J. C., Sikes Z. S. Lithium carbonate treatment in psychiatry. Diseases of the Nervous System 1970; 31: 52–55
  • Skirboll L. R., Grace A. A., Bunney B. S. Dopamine auto- and poslsynaptic receptors: Electrophysiological evidence for differential sensitivity to dopamine agonists. Science 1979; 206: 80–82
  • Smythe G. A., Grunstein H. S., Bradshaw J. E., Nicholson M. V., Compton P. J. Relationships between brain noradrenergic activity and blood glucose. Nature 1984; 308: 65–67
  • Smythies J. R. Biochemistry of schizophrenia. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1963; 39: 26–33
  • Sternberg D. E., Charney D. S., Heninger G. R., Leckman J. F., Hafstad K. M., Landis D. H. Impaired presynaptic regulation of norepinephrine in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 285–289
  • Tamminga C. A., Schaffer M. H., Smith R. C., Davis J. M. Schizophrenic symptoms improve with apomorphine. Science 1978; 200: 567–568
  • Tassin J. P., Simon H., Herve D., Blanc G., LeMoal M., Glowinski J., Bockaert J. Non-dopaminergic fibres may regulate dopamine-sensitive adehylate cyclase in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Nature 1982; 295: 696–698
  • Thierry A. M., Tassin J. P., Blanc G., Glowinski J. Selective activation of the mesocortical DA system by stress. Nature 1976; 263: 242–244
  • Tien H. C. Pattern recognition in mental disorders and the organic integrity tests (OIT). Psychosomalics 1969; 10: 29–35
  • Valverde I., Malaisse W. J. Calmodulin and pancreatic B-cell function. Experientia 1984; 40: 1061–1068
  • van Houten M., Posner B. I. Insulin binds to brain blood vessels in vivo. Nature 1979; 282: 623–625
  • van Houten M., Posner B. I., Kopriwa B. M., Brawer J. R. Insulin binding sites localised to nerve terminal in rat median eminence and arcuate nucleus. Science 1980; 207: 1081–1083
  • Widen L., Bergstrom M., Blomgvist C., Bohm C., Ehrin E., Elander S., Ericson K., Eriksson L., Greitz T., Ingvar D. H., Litton J. E., Nilsson L., Sedvall G., Wiesel F. Positron emission tomography studies of brain energy metabolism in schizophrenia. Positron emission tomography of the brain, W. D. Heis, M. E. Phelps. Springer-Verlag, New York 1983a; 192–195
  • Widen L., Blomqvist G., Greitz T., Litton J. E., Bergstrom M., Ehrin E., Ericson K., Eriksson L., Ingvar D. H., Johansson L., Nilsson J. L. G., Stone-EIander S., Sedvall G., Wiesel F., Wiik G. PET studies of glucose metabolism in patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1983b; 550–552
  • Widlocher D., Lecrubier Y., Jouvent R., Puech A. J., Simon P. Antidepressant effect of salbutamol. Lancet 1977; 2: 767–768
  • Woods S. C, Lotter E. C, McKay D., Porte D., Jr. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons. Nature 1979; 282: 503–505
  • Wortis J., Bowman K. M., Goldfarb W. The use of insulin in the treatment of alcoholism. Medical Clinics of North America 1940; 24: 671–681
  • Yang J. W., Fellows R. E. Characterization of insulin stimulation of the incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules in cultured rat brain cells. Endocrinology 1980; 107: 1717–1724
  • Yorkston N. J., Zaki S. A., Weller M. P., Gruzelier J. H., Hirsch S. R. DL-propranolol and chlorpromazine following admission for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1981; 63: 13–27
  • Yorkston N. J., Gruzelier J. H., Zaki S. A. Propranolol in the treatment of schizophrenia. Stress and the heart, interactions of the cardiovascular system, behavioral state, and psychotropic drugs (Second Edition), D. Wheatley. Raven Press, New York 1981; 91–104
  • Young R. L., Albano R. F., Charnecki A. M., Sheppard H. Alteration of glucose and glycogen in specific regions of the mouse central nervous system of L-3–4, dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa). Biochemical Pharmacology 1971; 20: 916–919
  • Zimmer H. G., Ibel H., Steinkopff G, Korb G. Reduction of the isoproterenol-induced alterations in cardiac adenine nucleotides and morphology by ribose. Science 1980; 207: 319–320

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.