The Pineal Gland and the Mode of Onset of Schizophrenia

References

• Aldegunde M., Miquez I., Veira J. Effects of pinealectomy on regional brain serotonin metabolism. International Journal of Neuroscience 1985; 26: 9–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. DSM-III: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders3rd ed. APA, Washington, DC 1980
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen N. C. Positive vs. negative schizophrenia: A critical evaluation. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1985; 11: 380–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton-Tay F. Melatonin: effect on brain function. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology 1974; 11: 315–324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chase L. S., Silverman S. Prognostic criteria in schizophrenia: A critical survey of the literature. American Journal of Psychiatry 1941; 98: 360–368
   Google Scholar
• Cohen H. N., Hay I. D., Annesley T. M., Beastall G. H., Wallace A. M., Spooner R., Thomson J. A., Eastwood P., Klee G. G. Serum immunoreactive melatonin in boys with delayed puberty. Clinical Endocrinology 1982; 17: 517–521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow T. J. Positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms and the role of dopamine. British Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 149: 439–448
   Google Scholar
• Datta P. C., King M. G. Melatonin: effects on brain and behavior. Neuroscience, & Biobehavioral Reviews 1980; 4: 451–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubocovich M. L. Melatonin is a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina. Nature 1983; 306: 782–784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanget F., Claustrat B., Dalery J., Brun J., Terra J. L., Marie-Cardine M., Guyotat J. Nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry 1989; 25: 499–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier I. N., Arendt J., Johnstone E. C., Crow T. J. Reduced nocturnal melatonin secretion in chronic schizophrenia: Relationship to body weight. Clinical Endocrinology 1982; 17: 181–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley R., Smith J. A. The activation of pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase by psy-chomimetic drugs. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1973; 24: 100–103
   Google Scholar
• Hartley R., Padwick D., Smith J. A. The inhibition of pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyl-transferase by haloperdiol and fluphenazine. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1972; 24: 100P–103P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrobin D. F. Schizophrenia: Reconciliation of the dopamine, prostaglandin, and opioid concepts and the role of the pineal. Lancet 1979; 2: 529–530
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan H. I., Sadock B. J. Modern Synopsis of Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry /TV.4th Edition. Williams, & Wilkins, Baltimore 1985; 194–225
   Google Scholar
• Kay S. R., Opler L. A., Fiszbein A. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Scale (PANSS). Muti-Health Systems Inc., Toronto, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Kay S. R., Sandyk R., Merriam A. E. Neuroradiological facets of cognitive abnormality in schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuroscience 1991; 58: 83–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay S. R., Fiszbein A., Opler L. A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1987; 13: 261–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay S. R., Opler L. A., Lindenmayer J. P. Reliability and validity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenics. Psychiatry Research 1988; 23: 99–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller W. C., Glatt S. L., Perlik S., Huckman M. S., Fox J. H. Certebellar atrophy demonstrated by computed tomography. Neurology 1981; 31: 405–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macpherson P., Matheson M. S. Comparison of calcification of pineal, habenular commi-sure, and choroid plexus on plain films and computed tomography. Neuroradiology 1979; 18: 67–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLsaac W. M. A biochemical concept of mental disease. Postgraduate Medicine 1961; 30: 111–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles A., Philbrick D. R. S. Melatonin and Psychiatry. Biological Psvchiatrw 1988; 23: 405–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miline R. The role of the pineal gland in stress. Journal of Neural Transmission 1980; 47: 191–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morganini J. B. The Seats and Causes of Diseases: Investigated by Anatomy, Alexander Bejamin. Millar, & Cadell, London 1769
   Google Scholar
• Nair N. P. V., Hariharasubramanian N., Pilapil C., Isaac I., Thavundayil J. X. Plasma melatonin-an index of brain aging in humans?. Biological Psychiatry 1986; 21: 141–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor P. J., Olley J. E. The distribution of haloperidol in rat brain. British Journal of Pharmacology 1969; 36: 208P–209P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opler L. A., Kay S. R. Birth seasonality and negative syndrome in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985; 42: 106–108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Payne R. W. Cognitive abnormalities. Handbook of abnormal psychology, H. J. Eysenck. Pitman Medical Press, London 1973
   Google Scholar
• Reiter R. J., Richardson B. A., Johnson L. Y., Ferguson B. N., Dinh D. T. Pineal melatonin rhythm: reduction in aging Syrian hamsters. Science 1980; 210: 1372–1373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. Haloperidol-sensitive sigms receptor and the role of the pineal gland in dystonia. Schizophrenia Research 1991; 5: 177–179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandyk R., Fisher H. The protective function of the pineal gland in tardive dyskinesia. International Journal of Neuroscience 1989; 43: 215–218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Kay S. R. Pineal melatonin in schizophrenia: a review and hypothesis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1990; 16: 653–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Kay S. R. Melatonin as a mediator of atypical antipsychotic drug effects. Schizophrenia Research 1991a; 4: 59–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandyk R., Kay S. R. The relationship of pineal calcification and melatonin secretion to the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia and Tourette's syndrome. International Journal of Neuroscience 1991b; 58: 215–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Kay S. R. Pineal calcification in schizophrenia. Relationship to age of onset and tardive dyskinesia. Schizophrenia Research 1991c; 5: 85–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Awerbuch G. I., Kay S. R. Pineal calcification and tardive dyskinesia. Lancet 1990; 335: 1528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silman R. E., Leone R. M., Hooper R. J. L., Pearce M. A. Melatonin, the pineal gland and human puberty. Nature 1979; 282: 301–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer R. L., Endicott J. E., Robins E. Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC)for a Select group of Functional Disorders. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Bimetrics Research, New York 1978
   Google Scholar
• Tapp E. The histology and pathology of the human pineal gland. Progress in Brain Research 1979; 52: 481–500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trentini G. P., Dc Gaetani S. F., Criscuolo M., Migaldi M., Ferrari G. Pineal calcification in different physiopathological conditions in humans. Fundamentals and clinics in pineal research, G. P. Trentini, C. De Gaetani, P. Pevet. Raven Press, New York 1987; 291–304
   Google Scholar
• Waldhauser F., Weiszenbacher G., Zeitlhuber U., Waldhauser M., Frisch H., Wurtman R. J. Fall in nocturnal serum melatonin during prepuberty and pubescence. Ixincet 1986; 1: 362–365
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger D. R., Berman K. F., Zee R. F. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 114–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh M. G. Pineal calcification: structural and functional aspects. Pineal Research Reviews 1985; 3: 41–68
   Google Scholar
• Wendel O. T., Waterburg L. D., Pearce L. A. Increase in monoamine concentrations in rat brain following melatonin administration. Experientia 1974; 30: 1167–1168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wyatt R. J., Potkin S. G., Kleinman J. E. The schizophrenia syndrome: examples of biological tools for subclassification. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1981; 169: 100–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman R. A., Bilaniuk L. T. Age-related incidence of pineal calcification detected by computed tomography. Neuroradiology 1982; 142: 659–662
   Google Scholar
• Zisapel N., Egozi Y., Laudon M. Inhibition of dopamine release by melatonin: regional distribution in the rat brain. Brain Research 1982; 246: 161–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar