Reyersal of a Visuospatial Deficit on the Clock Drawing Test in Parkinson's Disease by Reatment with Weak Electromagnetic Fields

References

• Agid Y., Javoy-Agid F. Peptides and Parkinson's disease. Trends in Neurosciences 1985; 5: 30–35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnoli A., Ruggeri S., Falaschi P., Mearelli S., Dal Roscio S., D'Urso R., Frajese G. Are the enkephalins involved in Parkinson's disease? Clinical and neuroendocrine response to naloxone administration. Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology, E. Costa, M. Trabucchi. Raven Press, New York 1980; Vol. 22: 511–521
   Google Scholar
• Anlezark G. M., Crow T. J., Greenway A. P. Impaired learning and decreased cortical norepinephrine after bilateral locus ceruleus lesions. Science 1973; 181: 682–684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgarten H. C., Lachenmayer L. Anatomical features and physiological properties of central serotonin neurons. Pharmacopsychiatrie 1985; 18: 180–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckwith B. E., Sandman C. A., Hothersall D., Kastin A. J. Influence of neonatal injections of alpha-MSH on learning, memory and attention in rats. Physiology & Behavior 1977; 18: 63–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernheimer H., Birkmayer W., Hornykiewicz O., Jellinger K., Seitelberger F. Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington: clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. Journal of Neurological Sciences 1973; 20: 415–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackman C. F. Stimulation of brain tissue in vitro by extremely low frequency, low intensity, sinusoidal electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic fields and neurobehavioral function, M. E. O'Connor, R. H. Lovely. Alan R. Liss, New York 1988
   Google Scholar
• Blackman C. F., Shawnee B. G., Kinney L. S., Joines W. T., House D. E. Effects of ELF fields on calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue in vitro. Radiation Research 1982; 92: 510–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boller F., Passafiume D., Rogers K., Morrow L., Kim Y. Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease: role of perceptual and motor factors and of disease stage. Neurology 1982; 32: 189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boller F., Passafiume D., Keefe N. C., Rogers K., Morrow L., Kim Y. Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease. Role of perceptual and motor factors. Archives of Neurology 1984; 41: 485–490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen F. P., Hoehn M. M., Yahr M. D. Parkinsonism: alterations in spatial orientation as determined by a route-walking test. Neuropsychoogia 1972; 10: 355–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brain W. R. Visual disorientation with special reference to lesions of the right cerebral hemisphere. Brain 1941; 64: 224–272
   Google Scholar
• Bubenik G. A., Erown G. M., Grota J. L. Differential localization of N-acetyled indolalkylamines in CNS and the Harderian gland using immunohistology. Brain Research 1976; 118: 417–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash R., Dennis R., L'Heureux R., Raisman R., Javoy-Agid F., Scatton B. Parkinson's disease and dementia: norepinephrine and dopamine in locus ceruleus. Neurology 1987; 37: 42–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke J. D., Brown J. D., Brecks V. B. Increased dependence on visual information for movement control in patients with Parkinson's disease. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1978; 5: 413–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley M. The parietal lobes. Edward Arnold Ltd, London 1953
   Google Scholar
• Daffner K. R., Ahern G. L., Weintraub S., Mesulam M. M. Dissociated neglect behavior following sequential strokes in the right hemisphere. Annals of Neurology 1990; 28: 97–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio A. R., Damasion H., Chang Chui H. Neglect following damage to frontal lobe or basal ganglia. Neuropsychologia 1980; 18: 123–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danta G., Hilton R. C. Judgment of visual vertical and horizontal in patients with parkinsonism. Neurology 1981; 25: 43–47
   Google Scholar
• DeKosky S., Heilman K. M., Bowers D. Recognition and discrimination of emotional faces and pictures. Brain & Language 1980; 9: 206–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRenzi E., Faglioni P., Scotti G. Hemispheric contribution to exploration of space through the visual and tactile modality. Cortex 1970; 6: 191–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dimond S. J. Depletion of attentional capacity after total commissurotomy in man. Brain 1976; 99: 347–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Direnfeld L. K., Albert L. M., Lolicer L., Langlais P. J., Marquis I., Kaplan E. Parkinson's disease: the possible relationship of laterality to dementia and neurochemical findings. Archives of Neurology 1984; 41: 935–941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixey R., Rein G. [3H] Noradrenaline release potentiated in a clonal cell line by low intensity pulsed magnetic fields. Nature 1982; 206: 253–256
   Google Scholar
• Dray A. Serotonin in the basal ganglia. Journal of Physiology, (Paris) 1981; 77: 393–403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erlich S. S., Apuzzo M. L. J. The pineal gland: anatomy, physiology, and clinical significance. Journal of Neurosurgery 1985; 63: 321–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers K. Lack of prediction in the motor behavior of parkinsonism. Brain 1978; 101: 35–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman M., Leach L., Kaplan E., Winocur G., Shulman K. I., Delis D. C. Clock drawing: a neuropsychological analysis. Oxford University Press, New York 1994; 44–78
   Google Scholar
• French J. D. The reticular formation. Handbook of physiology, J. Fields, V. E. Magoun Hall. American Physiological Society, Washington 1960; 1281–1306
   Google Scholar
• Fujimura H., Umbach I. Role de l'alteinte de la substance reticulee dans la demence de la maladie de parkinson. Revue Neurologique (Paris) 1987; 143: 108–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girotti F., Grassi M. P., Carella F., Soliveri P., Musicco M., Lamperti E., Caraceni T. Possible involvement of attention processes in Parkinson's disease. Advances in neurology, M. D. Yahr, K. J. Bergmann. Raven Press, New York 1986; Vol. 45: 425–429
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield J. G., Bosanquet F. D. The brainstem lesions in Parkinsonism. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1953; 16: 213–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilman K. M., Valenstein E. Frontal lobe neglect in man. Neurology 1972; 22: 660–664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilman K. M., Schwartz H., Watson R. T. Hypoarousal in patients with neglect syndrome and emotional indifference. Neurology 1978; 28: 229–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilman K. M., Watson R. T., Valenstein E. Neglect and related disorders. Clinical neuropsychology, K. M. Heilman, E. Valenstein. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1985; 243–293
   Google Scholar
• Henderson V. W., Mack W., Williams B. W. Spatial orientation in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology 1989; 46: 391–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Peon R. Neurophysiologic aspects of attention. Handbook of clinical neurology, P. J. Vinken, G. W. Bruyn. Elsevier, New York 1969; Vol. 3
   Google Scholar
• Hovestadt A., De Jong G. J., Meerwaldt J. D. Spatial disorientation in Parkinson's disease: no effect of levodopa substitution therapy. Neurology 1988; 38: 1802–1803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen S. D. Striatal function and stereotyped behavior. Psychobiology of the striatum, A. R. Cools, A. H.M. Lohman, J. H. L. Van den Bercken. North Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam 1977; 99–118
   Google Scholar
• Izumi K., Donaldson J., Minnich J., Barbeau A. Quabain-induced seizures in rats: modification by melatonin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Canadian Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 1973; 51: 572–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe R. A., Laszewski B. L., Carr D. B., Phillips R. D. Chronic exposure to a 60-Hz electric field: effects on synaptic transmission and peripheral nerve function in the rat. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 131–147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Javoy-Agid F., Agid Y. Is the mesocortical dopaminergic system involved in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1980; 30: 1326–1330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewesbury E. C. O. Parietal lobe syndromes. Handbook of clinical neurology: localization in clinical neurology, P. J. Vinken, G. W. Bruyn. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam 1969; Vol. 2: 680–699
   Google Scholar
• Joubert M., Barbeau A. Akinesia in Parkinson's disease. Progress in neurogenetics, A. Barbeau, J. R. Brunette. Exerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1969
   Google Scholar
• Kastin A. J., Redding T. W., Schally A. V. MSH activity in rat pituitaries after pinealectomy. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1967; 124: 1275–1277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastin A. J., Viosca S., Nair R. M. G., Schally A. V., Miller M. C. Interactions between pineal, hypothalamus and pituitary involving melatonin, MSH release-inhibiting factor and MSH. Endocrinology 1972; 91: 1323–1328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees A. J., Smith E. Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1983; 106: 257–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin B. E., Llabre M. M., Reisman S., Weiner W. J., Sanchez-Ramos J., Singer C., Brown M. C. Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1991; 41: 365–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis M. E., Mishkin M., Bragin E., Brown R. M., Pert C. B., Pert A. Opiate receptor gradients in monkey cerebral cortex: correspondence with sensory processing hierarchies. Science 1981; 211: 1166–1168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungberg T., Ungerstedt U. Sensory inattention produced by 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of ascending dopamine neurons in the brain. Experimental Neurology 1976; 53: 585–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall J. F., Turner B. H., Teitelbaum P. Sensory neglect produced by lateral hypothalamic damage. Science 1971; 174: 523–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason S. T., Iverson S. D. Reward, attention and the dorsal noradrenergic bundle. Brain Research 1978; 150: 135–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason S. T. Fibiger, Noradrenaline and selective attention. Life Sciences 1979; 25: 1949–1956
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews C. G., Haaland Y. The effect of symptom duration on cognitive and motor performance in parkinsonism. Neurology 1979; 29: 951–956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayeux R. Mental state. Handbook of parkinson's disease, W. C. Koller. Marcel Dekker, New York 1987; 127–144
   Google Scholar
• Mayeux R., Stem Y., Cote L., Williams J. B. W. Altered serotonin metabolism in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 642–646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayeux R., Stern Y., Sano M., Cote L., Williams J. B. W. Clinical and biochemical correlates of bradyphrenia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1987; 37: 1130–1134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam M. M. A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Annals of Neurology 1981; 10: 304–325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam M. M. Attention, confusional states, and neglect. Principles of behavioral neurology, M. M. Mesulam. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia 1985; 127–168
   Google Scholar
• Miller L. H., Kastin A. J., Sandman C. A., Fink M., Van Veen W. J. Polypeptide influence on at tention, memory and anxiety in man. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior 1974; 2: 663–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr E., Juncos J., Cox C., Litvan I., Fedio P., Chase T. N. Selective deficits in cognition and memory in high-functioning Parkinsonian patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1990; 53: 603–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore-Ede M. C., Campbell S. S., Reiter R. J. Introduction. Electromagnetic fields and circadian rhythmicity, M C. Moore-Ede, S. S. Campbell, R. J. Reiter. Birkhauser, Boston 1992; 3–10
   Google Scholar
• Mortimer J. A., Pirozzolo F. J., Hansch E. C., Webster D. D. Relationship of motor symptoms to intellectual deficits in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1982; 32: 133–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi G., Petraglia F., Martignoni E., Facchinetti F., Bono G., Genazzani A. R. Beta-endorphin cerebrospinal fluid decrease in untreated parkinsonian patients. Neurology 1985; 35: 1371–1374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donohue T. L., Dorsa D. M. The opiomelanotrophinergic neuronal and endocrine systems. Peptides 1982; 3: 353–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olcese J., Reuss S., Semm P. Geomagnetic field detection in rodents. Life Sciences 1988; 42: 605–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson A. T., Rickerby J., Simpson J., Vickers J. Possible interaction of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and the pineal in the control of territorial aggression in mice. Physiology & Behavior 1980; 24: 843–848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pazo J. H. Effects of melatonin on spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the mesencephalic reticular formation. Brain Research Bulletin 1979; 4: 725–730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillon B., Dubois B., Bonnet A. M., Esteguy M., Guimaraes J., Vigouret J. M., L'hermitte F., Agid Y. Cognitive slowing in Parkinson's disease fails to respond to levodopa treatment: the 15-objects test. Neurology 1989; 39: 762–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pique L., Jegou S., Bertagna X., Javoy-Agid F., Seurin D., Proeschel M. F., Girard F., Agid Y., Vaudry H., Luton J. P. Proopiomelanocortin peptides in the human hypothalamus: comparative studies between normal subjects and parkinson patients. Neuroscience Letters 1985; 54: 141–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirozzolo F. J., Hansch E. C., Mortimer J. A. Dementia in Parkinson's disease: A neuropsychological analysis. Brain and Cognition 1982; 1: 71–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Proctor F., Riklan M., Cooper I. S., Teuber H. L. Judgement of visual vertical and postural vertical by parkinsonian patients. Neurolgy 1964; 14: 287–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainero I., Kaye A., May C., Durso R., Katz D. I., Albert M. L., Wolfe N., Pinessi L., Friedland R. P., Rapoport S. I. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity is increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Archives of Neurology 1988; 45: 1224–1227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riklan M., Levita E. Subcortical correlates of human behavior. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1969
   Google Scholar
• Riklan M., Zahn T. P., Diller L. Human figure drawings before and after chemosurgery of the basal ganglia in Parkinsonism. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1962; 135: 500–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen A. D., Lubowsky J. Magnetic fields influence on central nervous system function. Experimental Neurology 1987; 95: 679–687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen A. D., Lubowsky J. Modification of spontaneous unit discharge in the lateral geniculate body by a magnetic field. Experimental Neurology 1990; 108: 261–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusovan A., Kanje M. D600, a Ca2+ antagonist, prevents stimulation of nerve regeneration by magnetic fields. NeuroReport 1992; 3: 813–814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks O., Kohl M. S., Messeloff C. R., Schwartz W. F. Effects of levodopa in parkinsonian patients with dementia. Neurology 1972; 22: 516–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallanon M., Claustrat B., Touret M. Presence of melatonin in various cat brainstem nuclei determined by radioimmunoassay. Acta Endocrinologica 1982; 101: 161–165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandman C. A., George J., Walker B. B., Nolan J. D., Kastin A. I. Neuropeptide MSH/ACTH 4–10 enhances attention in the mentally retarded. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 1976; 5: 23–28, (suppl 1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. Magnetic fields in the therapy of parkinsonism. International Journal of Neuroscience 1992; 66: 209–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. Reversal of a visuoconstructional deficit in Parkinson's disease by application of external magnetic fields: A report of five cases. International Journal of Neuroscience 1994; 75: 213–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Iacono R. P. The relationship of the reticular system to the primary pathoetiology of Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Neuroscience 1988; 42: 297–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Derpapas K. Further observations on the unique efficacy of picotesla magnetic fields in Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Neuroscience 1993; 69: 167–183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandyk R., Iacono R. P. Rapid improvement of visuoperceptive functions by picotesla range magnetic fields in Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Neuroscience 1993a; 70: 233–254
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandyk R., Iacono R. P. Reversal of visual neglect in Parkinson's disease by treatment with picotesla range magnetic fields. International Journal of Neuroscience 1993b; 73: 93–107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Semm P. Neurobiological investigations on the magnetic sensitivity of the pineal gland in rodents and pigeons. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1983; 76A: 683–489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe M. H., Cermak S. A., Sax D. S. Motor planning in Parkinsonian patients. Neuropsychologia 1983; 21: 455–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankov B., Fraschini F., Reiter R. J. Melatonin binding sites in the central nervous system. Brain Research 1991; 16: 245–256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkstein S., Leiguarda R., Gershanik O., Berthier M. Neuropsychological disturbances in hemi-parkinson's disease. Neurology 1987; 37: 1762–1764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern Y., Langston J. W. Intellectual changes in patients with MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Neurology 1985; 35: 1506–1509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern Y., Mayeux R. Possible dopaminergic basis for perceptual motor dysfunction. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease strategies for research and development, A. Fisher, I. Hanin, C. Lachman. Plenum Press, New York 1986; 185–189
   Google Scholar
• Stern Y., Richards M., Sano M., Mayeux R. Comparison of cognitive changes in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Archives of Neurology 1983; 50: 1040–1045
   Google Scholar
• Stern Y., Mayeux R., Rosen J., Ilson J. Perceptual motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a deficit in sequential and predictive voluntary movement. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1993; 46: 145–151
   Google Scholar
• Stern Y., Mayeux R., Rosen J. Contribution of perceptual motor dysfunction to construction and tracing disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1984a; 47: 983–989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern Y., Mayeux R., Cote L. Reaction time and vigilance in Parkinson's disease. Possible role of altered norepinephrine metabolism. Archives of Neurology 1984b; 41: 1086–1089
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teuber H. L., Proctor F. I. Some effects of basal ganglia lesions in subhuman primates and man. Neuropsychoogia 1964; 2: 83–93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuokko H., Hadjistavropoulos T., Miller A., Beattie B. L. The clock test: a sensitive measure to differentiate normal elderly from those with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1992; 40: 579–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veith J. L., Sandman C. A., George J. M., Stevens V. C. Effects of MSW/ACTH 4–10 on memory, attention and endogenous hormone levels in women. Physiology & Behavior 1978; 20: 43–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villardita C, Smirni P., Le Pira F. Mental deterioration, visuoperceptive disabilities and constructional apraxia in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1982; 66: 112–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villardita C., Smirni P., Zappala G. Visual neglect in Parkinson's disease. Archives of Neurology 1983; 40: 737–739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson R. T., Heilman K. M., Cauthen J. C. Neglect after cingulolectomay. Neurology 1973; 23: 1003–1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welker H. A., Semm P., Willig R. P., Commentz J. C., Wiltschko W., Vollrath L. Effects of an artificial magnetic field on serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of the rat pineal gland. Experimental Brain Research 1983; 50: 426–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson B. W., Chess E. K., Anderson L. E. 60-Hz electric field effects on pineal melatonin rhythms: time course for onset and recovery. Bioelectromagnetics 1986; 7: 239–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf-Klein G. P., Silverstone F. A., Levy A. P., Brod M. S. Screening for Alzheimer's disease by clock drawing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1989; 37: 730–734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar