Effect of potassium supplementation on renal tubular function, ambulatory blood pressure and pulse wave velocity in healthy humans

References

• Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. BMJ 1988;297:319–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med 2007;356: 1966–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Implications for public health. J Hum Hypertens 2002;16: 761–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He FJ, MacGregor GA. How far should salt intake be reduced? Hypertension 2003;42:1093–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER, III, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001;344:3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, Brancati FL, Appel LJ, Follmann D, Klag MJ. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA 1997;277:1624–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu B, English JM, Wilsbacher JL, Stippec S, Goldsmith EJ, Cobb MH. WNK1, a novel mammalian serine/threonine protein kinase lacking the catalytic lysine in subdomain II. J Biol Chem 2000;275:16795–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verissimo F, Silva E, Morris JD, Pepperkok R, Jordan P. Protein kinase WNK3 increases cell survival in a caspase-3-dependent pathway. Oncogene 2006;25:4172–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson FH, sse-Nicodeme S, Choate KA, Ishikawa K, Nelson-Williams C, Desitter I, Gunel M, Milford DV, Lipkin GW, Achard JM, Feely MP, Dussol B, Berland Y, Unwin RJ, Mayan H, Simon DB, Farfel Z, Jeunemaitre X, Lifton RP. Human hypertension caused by mutations in WNK kinases. Science 2001;293:1107–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RJ, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Kang DH, Feig DI, Herrera-Acosta J. A unifying pathway for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005;18:431–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RJ, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Nakagawa T, Kang DH, Feig DI, Herrera-Acosta J. Subtle renal injury is likely a common mechanism for salt-sensitive essential hypertension. Hypertension 2005;45:326–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CL, Kuo E. Mechanisms of disease: WNK-ing at the mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007;3:623–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haddy FJ, Vanhoutte PM, Feletou M. Role of potassium in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006;290:R546–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Energy and protein requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1985;724:1–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedersen EB, Eiskjaer H, Madsen B, Danielsen H, Egeblad M, Nielsen CB. Effect of captopril on renal extraction of renin, angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide and vasopressin, and renal vein renin ratio in patients with arterial hypertension and unilateral renal artery disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993;8:1064–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen RS, Bentzen H, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. Effect of water deprivation and hypertonic saline infusion on urinary AQP2 excretion in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001;280:F860–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauridsen TG, Vase H, Bech JN, Nielsen S, Pedersen EB. Direct effect of methylprednisolone on renal sodium and water transport via the principal cells in the kidney. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;162:961–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauridsen TG, Vase H, Starklint J, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. Protein-enriched diet increases water absorption via the aquaporin-2 water channels in healthy humans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25:2502–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobian L. Dietary sodium chloride and potassium have effects on the pathophysiology of hypertension in humans and animals. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:606–11S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou MS, Kosaka H, Yoneyama H. Potassium augments vascular relaxation mediated by nitric oxide in the carotid arteries of hypertensive Dahl rats. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13:666–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Domenighetti AA, Pedrazzini T, Burnier M. Potassium supplementation reduces cardiac and renal hypertrophy independent of blood pressure in DOCA/salt mice. Hypertension 2005;46:547–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manger WM, Simchon S, Stier CT, Jr., Loscalzo J, Jan KM, Jan R, Haddy F. Protective effects of dietary potassium chloride on hemodynamics of Dahl salt-sensitive rats in response to chronic administration of sodium chloride. J Hypertens 2003;21:2305–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braschi A, Naismith DJ. The effect of a dietary supplement of potassium chloride or potassium citrate on blood pressure in predominantly normotensive volunteers. Br J Nutr 2008;99:1284–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaw KT, Thom S. Randomised double-blind cross-over trial of potassium on blood-pressure in normal subjects. Lancet 1982;2:1127–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdes G, Vio CP, Montero J, Avendano R. Potassium supplementation lowers blood pressure and increases urinary kallikrein in essential hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens 1991;5:91–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G, Tian H, Han K, Xi Y, Yao Y, Ma A. Potassium magnesium supplementation for four weeks improves small distal artery compliance and reduces blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2006;28:489–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappuccio FP, MacGregor GA. Moderate potassium supplementation in hypertension: how useful? J Hypertens Suppl 1991;9:S354–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geleijnse JM, Grobbee DE, Kok FJ. Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations. J Hum Hypertens 2005;19(Suppl. 3):S1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussemaker E, Hillebrand U, Hausberg M, Pavenstadt H, Oberleithner H. Pathogenesis of hypertension: interactions among sodium, potassium, and aldosterone. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;55:1111–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen CB, Al-Mashhadi RH, Cribbs LL, Skott O, Hansen PB. T-type voltage-gated calcium channels regulate the tone of mouse efferent arterioles. Kidney Int 2010;79:443–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raij L, Luscher TF, Vanhoutte PM. High potassium diet augments endothelium-dependent relaxations in the Dahl rat. Hypertension 1988;12:562–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldrup N, Sillesen H, Prescott E, Nordestgaard BG. Ankle brachial index, C-reactive protein, and central augmentation index to identify individuals with severe atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2006;27:316–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto J, Ito S. Pulse pressure amplification, arterial stiffness, and peripheral wave reflection determine pulsatile flow waveform of the femoral artery. Hypertension 2010;56:926–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauca AL, O'Rourke MF, Kon ND. Prospective evaluation of a method for estimating ascending aortic pressure from the radial artery pressure waveform. Hypertension 2001; 38:932–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi G, Brown R, Salciccioli L, Qureshi M, Rizvi S, Farhan S, Lazar J. Relationship between aortic atherosclerosis and non-invasive measures of arterial stiffness. Atherosclerosis 2007;195:e190–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonia J, Maldonado J, Ramos R, Bertoquini S, Duro M, Almeida C, Ferreira J, Barbosa L, Silva JA, Martins L. Estimation of salt intake by urinary sodium excretion in a Portuguese adult population and its relationship to arterial stiffness. Rev Port Cardiol 2006;25:801–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simonsen U, Christensen FH, Buus NH. The effect of tempol on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and blood pressure. Pharmacol Ther 2009;122:109–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen EB, Thomsen IM, Lauridsen TG. Abnormal function of the vasopressin-cyclic-AMP-aquaporin2 axis during urine concentrating and diluting in patients with reduced renal function. A case control study. BMC Nephrol 2010; 11:26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starklint J, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. Down-regulation of urinary AQP2 and unaffected response to hypertonic saline after 24 hours of fasting in humans. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1010–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kone BC, Baylis C. Biosynthesis and homeostatic roles of nitric oxide in the normal kidney. Am J Physiol 1997; 272:F561–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang M, Knox FG. Production and functional roles of nitric oxide in the proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000;278:R1117–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoos BA, Garvin JL. Actions of nitric oxide on renal epithelial transport. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1997;24:591–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Dietary potassium intake and risk of stroke: a dose response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Stroke 2011;42:2746–2750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar