Subarachnoid haemorrhage induces an inflammatory response followed by a delayed persisting increase in asymmetric dimethylarginine

References

• Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S. Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet 1992;339:572–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallance P, Leiper J. Cardiovascular biology of the asymmetric dimethylarginine:dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1023–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijveldt RJ, Teerlink T, Van Der Hoven B, Siroen MPC, Kuik DJ, Rauwerda JA, van Leeuwen PAM. Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) in critically ill patients: high plasma ADMA concentration is an independent risk factor of ICU mortality. Clin Nutr 2003;22:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser M, Paulus WJ, Vermeulen MAR, Richir MC, Davids M, Wisselink W, de Mol BAJM, Van Leeuwen PAM. The role of asymmetric dimethylarginine and arginine in the failing heart and its vasculature. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12: 1274–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siroen MPC, Teerlink T, Nijveldt RJ, Prins HA, Richir MC, Van Leeuwen PAM. The clinical significance of asymmetric dimethylarginine. Annu Rev Nutr 2006;26:203–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoccali C, Bode-Böger S, Mallamaci F, Benedetto F, Tripepi G, Malatino L, Cataliotti A, Bellanuova I, Fermo I, Frölich J, Boger R. Plasma concentration of asymmetrical dimethylarginine and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease: a prospective study. Lancet 2001;358:2113–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savvidou MD, Hingorani AD, Tsikas D, Frölich JC, Vallance P, Nicolaides KH. Endothelial dysfunction and raised plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine in pregnant women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2003;361:1511–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderssohn M, Schwedhelm E, Lüneburg N, Vasan RS, Böger RH. Asymmetric dimethylarginine as a mediator of vascular dysfunction and a marker of cardiovascular disease and mortality: an intriguing interaction with diabetes mellitus. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2010;7:105–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir B, Grace M, Hansen J, Rothberg C. Time course of vasospasm in man. J Neurosurg 1978;48:173–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Rooij NK, Linn FHH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJE. Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:1365–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluta RM. Delayed cerebral vasospasm and nitric oxide: review, new hypothesis, and proposed treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2005;105:23–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothoerl RD, Axmann C, Pina A-L, Woertgen C, Brawanski A. Possible role of the C-reactive protein and white blood cell count in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2006;18:68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishiyama Y, Ueda M, Katsura K-I, Otsuka T, Abe A, Nagayama H, Katayama Y. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) as a possible risk marker for ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 2010;290:12–5.
   Google Scholar
• Worthmann H, Chen S, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Li N, Deb M, Tryc AB, Goldbecker A, Dong Q, Kielstein JT, Bode-Böger SM, Weissenborn K. High plasma dimethylarginine levels are associated with adverse clinical outcome after stroke. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011;18:753–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CL. C-reactive protein and asymmetric dimethylarginine: markers or mediators in cardiovascular disorders? Curr Pharm Des 2007;13:1619–29.
   Google Scholar
• Jung CS, Iuliano BA, Harvey-White J, Espey MG, Oldfield EH, Pluta RM. Association between cerebrospinal fluid levels of asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine, an endogenous inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and cerebral vasospasm in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2004;101:836–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung CS, Oldfield EH, Harvey-White J, Espey MG, Zimmermann M, Seifert V, Pluta RM. Association of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase with cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2007;107:945–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Sulyok E, Czeiter E, Büki A, Kohl J, Firsching R, Tröger U, Bode-Böger SM. Determination of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of arginine and dimethylarginines in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurosci Methods 2007;164:155–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen DS, Macdonald RL. Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales: a systematic review. Neurocrit Care 2005;2: 110–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stegmayr B, Lundberg V, Asplund K. The events registration and survey procedures in the Northern Sweden MONICA Project. Scand J Public Health Suppl 2003;61:9–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersson J, Sjöström L-G, Karlsson M, Wiklund U, Hultin M, Karpe F, Olsson T. Dysregulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow in overweight postmenopausal women. Menopause 2010;17:365–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naredi S, Lambert G, Eden E, Zall S, Runnerstam M, Rydenhag B, Friberg P. Increased sympathetic nervous activity in patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2000;31:901–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dejam A, Hunter CJ, Tremonti C, Pluta RM, Hon YY, Grimes G, Partovi K, Pelletier MM, Oldfield EH, Cannon RO, Schechter AN, Gladwin MT. Nitrite infusion in humans and nonhuman primates: endocrine effects, pharmacokinetics, and tolerance formation. Circulation 2007;116: 1821–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanares-Zapatero D, Hantson P. Pharmacological treatment of delayed cerebral ischemia and vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Intensive Care 2011;1:12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlay JM, Weir BK, Kanamaru K, Espinosa F. Arterial wall changes in cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 1989; 25:736–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borel CO, McKee A, Parra A, Haglund MM, Solan A, Prabhakar V, Sheng H, Warner DS, Niklason L. Possible role for vascular cell proliferation in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2003;34:427–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisoendial RJ, Boekholdt SM, Vergeer M, Stroes ESG, Kastelein JJP. C-reactive protein is a mediator of cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2087–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mookerjee RP, Dalton RN, Davies NA, Hodges SJ, Turner C, Williams R, Jalan R. Inflammation is an important determinant of levels of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 2007;13:400–5.
   Google Scholar
• Nijveldt RJ, Teerlink T, Siroen MPC, van Lambalgen AA, Rauwerda JA, van Leeuwen PAM. The liver is an important organ in the metabolism of asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA). Clin Nutr 2003;22:17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronkainen A, Niskanen M, Rinne J, Koivisto T, Hernesniemi J, Vapalahti M. Evidence for excess long-term mortality after treated subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2001;32: 2850–3.
   Google Scholar