References
- Balamuruguan R, Balaji V, Ramakrishna BS. Estimation of faecal carriage of Clostridium difficile in patients with ulcerative colitis using real time polymerase chain reaction. Indian J Med Res 2008;127:472–7.
- Norén T. Outbreak from a high toxin intruder: clostridium difficile. Lancet 2005;366:1053–4.
- Aronsson B, Mollby R, Nord CE. Clostridium difficile and antibiotic associated diarrhoea in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1982;35:53–8.
- Eriksson S, Aronsson B. Cephalosporins often resulting in clostridium difficile infections. Swed Med J 1991;88:3374–9.
- Bignardi G. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 1998;40:1–15.
- Pepin J, Saheb N, Coulombe MA, Alary ME, Corriveau MP, Autier S, Emergence of a fluoroquinolone use as the predominant risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1254–60.
- Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile – more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1932–40.
- Yearsley KA, Gilby LJ, Ramadas AV, Kubiak EM, Fone DL, Allison MC. Proton pump inhibitor therapy is a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:613–19.
- Musher DM, Aslam S, Logan N, Nallacheru S, Bhaila I, Borchert F. Relatively poor outcome after treatment of clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. CID 2005;40:1586–90.
- Pepin J, Routhier S, Gagnon S, Brazeau I. Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec, Canada. CID 2006;42:758–64.
- Johnson S. Recurrent clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments and outcomes. J Infect 2009;58:403–10.
- Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly C. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet 2001;357:189–93.
- Tedesco F, Gordon D, Fortson W. Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1985;80:867–8.
- Schwan A, Sjolin J, Trottestam U, Aronsson B. Relapsing clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of homologous faeces. Lancet 1983;10:845.
- Schwan A, Sjolin J, Trottestam U, Aronsson B. Relapsing clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of normal feces. Scand J Infect Dis 1984;16:211–15.
- Gustafsson A, Berstad A, Lunn-Tønnesen S, Midtvedt T, Norin E. Faecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, before and after faecal enema treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33:721–7.
- Gustafsson A, Berstad A, Lunn-Tønnesen S, Midtvedt T, Norin E. The effect of faecal enema on five microflora-associated characteristics in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:580–6.
- van Nood E, Speelman P, Kuijper EJ, Keller JJ. Struggling with recurrent clostridium difficile infections: is donor faeces the solution? Euro Surveill 2009;14:19316.
- Garborg K, Waagsbø B, Stallemo A, Matre J, Sundøy A. Results of faecal donor instillation therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Scand J Infect Dis 2010;42:857–61.
- Bakken JS. Faecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. Anaerobe 2009;15:285–9.
- Tvede M, Rask-Madsen J. Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing clostridium difficile diarrhoea in six patients. Lancet 1989;1:1156–60.
- Lunn-Tönnesen S, Berstad A, Schreiner A, Midtvedt T. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea treated with homologous feces. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1998;118:1027–30.
- Persky SE, Brandt LJ. Treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by administration of donated stool directly through a colonoscope. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3283–5.
- Aas J, Gessert CE, Bakken JS. Recurrent clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube. CID 2003;36:580–5.
- Jorup-Ronstrom C, Hakanson A, Persson AK, Midtvedt T, Norin E. Faecal culture therapy of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Swed Med J 2006;103:3603–5.
- Nieuwdorp M, van Nood E, Speelman P, van Heukelem HA, Jansen JM, Visser CE. Treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea with a suspension of donor faeces. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2008;152:1927–32.
- Macconnachie A, Fox R, Kennedy D, Seaton R. Faecal transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. a UK case series. QJM 2009;102:781–4.
- Grehan MJ, Borody TJ, Leis SM, Campbell J, Mitchell H, Wettstein A. Durable alteration of the colonic microbiota by the administration of donor fecal flora. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:551–61.
- Midtvedt T, Jorup-Rönström C, Håkanson A, Persson A-K, Sandell S, Berstad A, Fecal transplant against recurrent clostridium difficile infections.
- Linsky A, Gupta K, Lawler EV, Fonda JR, Hermos JA. Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:772–8.
- McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and the treatment of clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:812–22.
- Pillai A, Nelson R. Probiotics for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD 004611.
- Cunningham R, Dial S. Is overuse of proton pump inhibitors fuelling the current epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea? J Hosp Infect 2008;70:1–6.
- Dial S, Kezouh A, Dascal A, Barkun A, Suissa S. Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection. CMAJ 2008;179:767–72.
- Van der Waaij D, Berghuis JM. Determination of the colonization resistance of the digestive tract of individual mice. J Hyg 1973;72:379–87.
- Andersson AF, Lindberg M, Jakobsson H, Bäckhed F, Nyrén P, Engstrand L. Comparative analysis of human gut microbiota by barcoded pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2008;3:e2836.
- Zabarovska V, Kutsenko A, Petrenko L, Kilosanidze G, Ljungqvist O, Norin E, NotI passporting to identify species composition of complex microbial systems. Nucleic Acids Res 2003;31:e5– 1-10.