Surface area of the digestive tract – revisited

References

• Casteleyn C, Rekecki A, van der Aa A, Simoens P, van den Broeck W. Surface area assessment of the murine intestinal tract as a prerequisite for oral dose translation from mouse to man. Lab Anim 2010;44:176–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snipes RL. Intestinal absorptive surface in mammals of different sizes. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 1997;138:1–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strkalj G, Chorn D. Herophilus of Chalcedon and the practice of dissection in Hellenistic Alexandria. S Afr Med J 2008;98:86–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill BML. Intestinal length in man. Br Med J 1955;4950:1243–6.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder WS, Cook MJ, Nasset ES, Karhausen LR, Howells GP, Tipton IH. editors. Report of the task group on reference man. New York: Pergamon Press; 1975.
   Google Scholar
• van der Reis V, Schembra FW. Länge und Lage des Verdauungsrorhes beim Lebenden. Ztschr f d ges exper Med 1924;43:94–115.
   Google Scholar
• Niess JH, Reinecker HC. Dendritic cells in the recognition of intestinal microbiota. Cell microbiol 2006;8:558–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald TT, Monteleone G. Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut. Science 2005;307:1920–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kararli TT. Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1995;16:351–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritschel WA. Targeting in the gastro-intestinal tract: new approaches. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1991;13:313–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhew TM. The new stereological methods for interpreting functional morphology from slices and organs. Exp Physiol 1991;76:639–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weibel ER. Stereological methods. Vol. 1 London: Academic Press; 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Naumova EA, Dierkes T, Sprang J, Arnold WH. The oral mucosal surface and blood vessels. Head Face Med 2013;9:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long JD, Orlando RC. Anatomy, histology, embryology, and developmental abnormalities of the esophagus. In Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt JB, editors. Gastrointestinal and liver diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2006. pp 841–53.
   Google Scholar
• Scott GH. Growth of crypts and glands of the human stomach. Am J Dis Child 1925;30:147–73.
   Google Scholar
• Cox AJ. Variations in size of the human stomach. Cal West Med 1945;63:267–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lillibridge CB. The fine structure of the normal human gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1964;47:269–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouras EP, Delgado-Aros S, Camilleri M, Castillo EJ, Burton DD, Thomforde GM, et al. SPECT imaging of the stomach: comparison with barostat, and effects of sex, age, body mass index, and fundoplication. Gut 2002;51:781–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankenhorn DH, Hirsch J, Ahrens EH. Transintestinal intubation: technic for measurement of gut length and physiologic sampling at known loci. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1955;88:356–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman L, Hallberg D. Small-intestinal length – intraoperative study in obesity. Acta Chir Scand 1974;140:57–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fanucci A, Cerro P, Fanucci E. Normal small bowel measurements by enteroclysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988;23:574–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseinpour M, Behdad A. Evaluation of small bowel measurement in alive patients. Surg Radiol Anat 2008;30:653–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadahiro S, Ohmura T, Yamada Y, Taki Y. Analysis of length and surface area of each segment of the large intestine according to age, sex and physique. Surg Radiol Anat 1992;14:251–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders BP, Phillips RKS, Williams CB. Intraoperative measurement of colonic anatomy and attachments with relevance to colonoscopy. Br J Surg 1995;82:1491–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khashab MA, Pickhardt PJ, Kim DH, Rex DK. Colorectal anatomy in adults at computed tomography colonography: normal distribution and the effect of age, sex, and body mass index. Endoscopy 2009;41:674–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerckring T. Spicilegium anatomicum. Amsterdam: A.Frisii; 1670.
   Google Scholar
• Riecken EO, Sahlfeld M, Lorenz-Meyer H. Quantitative Untersuchungen zur dreidimensionalen Struktur der Dünndarmschleimhaut bei Gesunden und Patienten mit einheimscher Sprue. Dtsch med Wschr 1976;101:51–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne WT, Cooke WT, Allan RN. Enzymatic and morphometric evidence for Crohn's disease as a diffuse lesion of the gastrointestinal tract. Gut 1977;18:290–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander KG, Åhren C, Philipson BM, Samuelsson BM, Öjerskog B. Structure of mucosa in continent ileal reservoirs 15 to 19 years after construction. Hum Pathol 1990;21:1235–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu TC, Ma C, Jeong H, Yao HM, Chiou WL. Comparison of gastrointestinal absorption between human and rat: the role of intestinal absorptive surface area and unstirred aqueous layer. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;4:1901–2.
   Google Scholar
• DeSesso M, Jacobson CF. Anatomical and physiological parameters affecting gastrointestinal absorption in humans and rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2001;3:209–28.
   Google Scholar
• Geibel JP. Secretion and absorption by colonic crypts. Annu Rev Physiol 2005;67:471–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunzelmann K, Mall M. Electrolyte transport in the mammalian colon: Mechanisms and implications for disease. Physiol Rev 2002;82:245–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappenheimer JR. Scaling of dimensions of small intestines in non-ruminant eutherian mammals and its significance for absorptive mechanisms. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998;121:45–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross S, Hünefeld G, Luciano L. Parenteral versus enteral nutrition: morphological changes in human adult intestinal mucosa. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1996;28:61–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gardner LG, Steele DL. Is there circadian variation in villus height in rat small intestine? Q J Exp Physiol 1989;74:257–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markiewicz A. Chronobiological aspects of jejunum function in humans. Chronobiol Int 1992;9:453–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar BNS, Sharma CLN, Gupta SN, Mathur MM, Reddy DCS. Study on the anatomical dimensions of the sigmoid colon. Clin Anat 2004;17:236–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar