Markers of Immune Stimulation in the Cerebrospinal Fluid During HIV Infection: A longitudinal study

References

• Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Demarest J F, Butini L, Montroni M, Fox C H, Orenstein J M, Kotler D P, Fauci A. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 1993; 362: 355–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiodi F, Keys B, Albert J, Hagberg L, Lundeberg J, Uhlén M, Fenyö E-M, Norkrans G. HIV-1 is present in the cerebrospinal fluid of the majority of infected individuals. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 1768–1771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sönnerborg A, Johansson B, Strannegård Ö. Detection of HIV-1 DNA and infectious virus in cerebrospinal fluid. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7: 369–373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagberg L, Norkrans G, Larsson M, Forsman A, Svennerholm L. Cytological and immunoglobulin findings in cerebrospinal fluid of symptomatic and asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients. Infection 1988; 16: 13–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuchs D, Chiodi F, Albert J, Åsjö B, Hagberg L, Hausen A, Norkrans G, Reibnegger G, Werner E R, Wachter H. Neopterin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of individuals infected with HIV-1. AIDS 1989; 3: 285–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnerborg A, von Stedingk L-V, Hansson L-O, Strannegård Ö. Elevated neopterin and β2-microglobulin levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid occur early in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 1989; 3: 277–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahey J L, Taylor J MG, Detels R, Hofmann B, Melmed R, Nishanian P, Giorgi J V. The prognostic value of cellular and serological markers in infection with HIV. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 166–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control. Classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1986; 35: 334–339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wikkelso C, Andersson M, Andersson R, Blomstrand C. Isoelectric focusing followed by silver staining. A suitable method for investigation of cerebrospinal fluid protein. Eur Neurol 1984; 23: 306–312
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werner E R, Bichler A, Daxenbichler G, Fuchs D, Fuith L C, Hausen A, Hetzel H, Reibnegger G, Wachter H. Determination of neopterin in serum and urine. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 62–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerrum O W, Birgens H S. Measurement of β2-microglobulin in serum and plasma by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clin Chim Acta 1986; 155: 69–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studahl M, Ricksten A, Sandberg T, Elowson S, Säll C, Herner S, Bergström T. Cytomegalovirus infection of the central nervous system in non-compromised patients. Acta Neurol Scand, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Akrigg A, Wilkinson G WG, Oram J D. The structure of the major immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. Virus Res 1985; 2: 107–121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutherford G W, Lifson A R, Hessol N A, Darrow W W, O'Malley P M, Buchbinder P, Barnhart J L, Bodecker T W, Cannon L, Doll L S, Holmberg S D, Harrison J S, Rogers M F, Werdeger D, Jaffe H W. Course of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men: an 11 year follow up study. BMJ 1990; 301: 1183–1188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward J W, Bush T J, Perkins H A, Lieb L L, Allen J R, Goldfinger D, Samson S M, Pepkowitz S H, Fernando L P, Holland P V, Kleinman S H, Grindon A J, Garner P A, Rutherford G W, Holmberg S D. The natural history of transfusion-associated HIV infection: factors influencing progression to disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 947–952
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huber C, Batchelor J R, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Lang A, Niederwieser D, Reibnegger G, Swetley P, Troppmair J, Wachter H. Immune response-associated production of neopterin release from macrophages primarily under control of interferon-gamma. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 310–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucey D R, McGuire S A, Clerici M, Hall K, Benton J, Butzin C A, Ward W W, Shearer G, Boswell N, Hendrix C W. Comparison of spinal fluid β2-microglobulin levels with CD4+ T cell count, in vitro T helper cell function, and spinal fluid IgG parameters in human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 971–975
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogner J R, Junge-Hülsing B, Kronawitter U, Sadri I, Matuschke A, Goebel F-D. Expansion of neopterin and beta2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid reaches maximum levels early and late in the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Investig 1992; 70: 665–669
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brew B J, Bhalla R B, Morris P, Sidtis J J, Keilp J J, Sadler A E, Gallardo H, McArthur J C, Schwartz M K, Price R W. Cerebrospinal fluid β2-microglobulin in patients with AIDS dementia complex: an expanded series including responses to zidovudine treatment. AIDS 1992; 6: 461–465
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brew B J, Bhalla R B, Morris P, Gallardo M S, McArthur J C, Schwartz M K, Price R W. Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 556–560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elovaara I, Nykyri E, Poutiainen E, Hokkanen L, Raininko R, Suni J. CSF follow-up in HIV-1 infection: Intrathecal production of HIV-specific and unspecific IgG, and beta-2-microglobulin increase with duration of HIV-1 infection. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 87: 388–396
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuchs D, Albert J, Åsjö B, Fenyö E M, Reibnegger G, Wachter H. Association between serum neopterin concentrations and in vitro replicative capacity of HIV-1 isolates. J Infect Dis 1989; 160: 724–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall D W, Brey R L, Cahill W T, Houk R W, Zajac R A, Boswell R N. Spectrum of cerebrospinal fluid findings in various stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 954–958
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heyes M P, Rubinow D, Lane C, Markey S P. Cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations are increased in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 275–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyes M P, Brew B J, Martin A, Price R W, Salazar A M, Sidtis J J, Yergey J A, Mouradian M M, Sadler A E, Keilp J, Rubinow D, Markey S P. Quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in HIV-1 infection: Relationship to clinical and neurological status. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 202–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarchoan R, Brouwers P, Spitzer A R, Grafman J, Safai B, Perno C F, Larson S M, Berg G, Fishl M, Wichman A, Thomas R V, Brunetti A, Schmidt P J, Myers C E, Broder S. Response of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurological disease to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine. Lancet 1987; 1: 132–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarchoan R, Klecker R W, Weinhold K J, Markham P D, Lyerly H K, Durack D T, Gelmann E, Nusinoff Lehrman S, Blum R M, Barry D W, Shearer G M, Fishl M A, Mitsuya H, Gallo R C, Collins J M, Bolognesi D P, Myers C E, Broder S. Administration of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythmidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III/LAV replication, to patients with AIDS or AIDS related complex. Lancet 1986; 1: 575–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagberg L, Norkrans G, Andersson M, Wachter H, Fuchs D. Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin and β-2 microglobulin levels in neurologically asymptomatic HIV-infected patients before and after initiation of zidovudine treatment. Infection 1992; 20: 313–315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bass H Z, Hardy D, Mitsuyasu R T, Taylor J MG, Wang X, Fishl M A, Spector S A, Richman D D, Fahey J L. The effect of zidovudine treatment on serum neopterin and β2-microglobulin levels in mildly symptomatic, HIV-type 1 seropositive individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992; 5: 215–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar