The hyper-sentient addict: an exteroception model of addiction

References

• Kalivas PW, Volkow ND. The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1403–1413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nature Neurosci 2005;8:1481–1489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 2011;12:652–669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naqvi NH, Bechara A. The hidden island of addiction: the insula. Trends Neurosci 2009;32:56–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, London ED, Childress AR, Lee GS, Bota RG, Ho ML, et al. Brain metabolic changes during cigarette craving. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:1162–1172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilts CD, Schweitzer JB, Quinn CK, Gross RE, Faber TL, Muhammad F, Ely TD, et al. Neural activity related to drug craving in cocaine addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:334–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick H, Anton RF, Li X, Henderson S, Drobes D, Voronin K, George MS. Differential brain activity in alcoholics and social drinkers to alcohol cues: relationship to craving. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:393–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sell LA, Morris J, Bearn J, Frackowiak RS, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ. Activation of reward circuitry in human opiate addicts. Eur J Neurosci 1999;11:1042–1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller SJ, Goldstein RZ. Impaired self-awareness in human addiction: deficient attribution of personal relevance. Trends Cognit Sci 2014;18:635–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara A. Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective. Nature Neurosci 2005;8:1458–1463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulus MP, Stewart JL, Haase L. Treatment approaches for interoceptive dysfunctions in drug addiction. Front Psychiatry 2013;4:137
   Google Scholar
• Cadet JL, Bisagno V, Milroy CM. Neuropathology of substance use disorders. Acta Neuropatholog 2014;127:91–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel S. Drug tolerance, drug addiction, and drug anticipation. Curr Direct Psycholog Sci 2005;14:296–300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filbey FM, DeWitt SJ. Cannabis cue-elicited craving and the reward neurocircuitry. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biolog Psychiatry 2012;38:30–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapert SF, Cheung EH, Brown GG, Frank LR, Paulus MP, Schweinsburg AD, Meloy MJ, et al. Neural response to alcohol stimuli in adolescents with alcohol use disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:727–735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClernon FJ, Kozink RV, Lutz AM, Rose JE. 24-h smoking abstinence potentiates fMRI-BOLD activation to smoking cues in cerebral cortex and dorsal striatum. Psychopharmacology 2009;204:25–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant S, London ED, Newlin DB, Villemagne VL, Liu X, Contoreggi C, Phillips RL, et al. Activation of memory circuits during cue-elicited cocaine craving. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:12040–12045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam MM. Spatial attention and neglect: parietal, frontal and cingulate contributions to the mental representation and attentional targeting of salient extrapersonal events. Philosoph Transact Royal Soc London. Series B, Biolog Sci 1999;354:1325–1346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small DM, Gitelman DR, Gregory MD, Nobre AC, Parrish TB, Mesulam MM. The posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex mediate the anticipatory allocation of spatial attention. NeuroImage 2003;18:633–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanna AE, Trimble MR. The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain 2006;129:564–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilman KM, Barrett AM, Adair JC. Possible mechanisms of anosognosia: a defect in self-awareness. Philosoph Transact Royal Soc London. Series B, Biolog Sci 1998;353:1903–1909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander D, Grafman J, Zalla T. The human amygdala: an evolved system for relevance detection. Rev Neurosci 2003;14:303–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoux JE. Emotion: clues from the brain. Annu Rev Psychol 1995;46:209–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalla T, Sperduti M. The amygdala and the relevance detection theory of autism: an evolutionary perspective. Front Human Neurosci 2013;7:894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northoff G, Heinzel A, de Greck M, Bermpohl F, Dobrowolny H, Panksepp J. Self-referential processing in our brain – a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. NeuroImage 2006;31:440–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner RL, Carroll DC. Self-projection and the brain. Trends Cognit Sci 2007;11:49–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujol J, Blanco-Hinojo L, Batalla A, Lopez-Sola M, Harrison BJ, Soriano-Mas C, Crippa JA, et al. Functional connectivity alterations in brain networks relevant to self-awareness in chronic cannabis users. J Psychiatric Res 2014;51:68–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Argembeau A, Salmon E. The neural basis of semantic and episodic forms of self-knowledge: insights from functional neuroimaging. Adv Experim Med Biol 2012;739:276–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkovich-Ohana A, Glicksohn J, Goldstein A. Mindfulness-induced changes in gamma band activity – implications for the default mode network, self-reference and attention. Clinical Neurophysiol 2012;123:700–710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou HC, Luber B, Stanford A, Lisanby SH. Self-specific processing in the default network: a single-pulse TMS study. Experim Brain Res 2010;207:27–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller SJ, Maloney T, Parvaz MA, Alia-Klein N, Woicik PA, Telang F, Wang GJ, et al. Impaired insight in cocaine addiction: laboratory evidence and effects on cocaine-seeking behaviour. Brain 2010;133:1484–1493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:676–682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gusnard DA, Raichle ME. Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 2001;2:685–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilbach L, Eickhoff SB, Rotarska-Jagiela A, Fink GR, Vogeley K. Minds at rest? Social cognition as the default mode of cognizing and its putative relationship to the “default system” of the brain. Consciousness Cognit 2008;17:457–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim K, Johnson MK. Extended self: spontaneous activation of medial prefrontal cortex by objects that are ‘mine’. Soc Cognit Affective Neurosci 2014;9:1006–1012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray RJ, Schaer M, Debbane M. Degrees of separation: a quantitative neuroimaging meta-analysis investigating self-specificity and shared neural activation between self- and other-reflection. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012;36:1043–1059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SA, Christiansen BA, Goldman MS. The Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire: an instrument for the assessment of adolescent and adult alcohol expectancies. J Stud Alcohol 1987;48:483–491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer J, Brown SA. Marijuana and cocaine effect expectancies and drug use patterns. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;59:558–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull JG, Young RD, Jouriles E. Applications of the self-awareness model of alcohol consumption: predicting patterns of use and abuse. J Personality Soc Psychol 1986;51:790–796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacht JP, Anton RF, Myrick H. Functional neuroimaging studies of alcohol cue reactivity: a quantitative meta-analysis and systematic review. Addict Biol 2013;18:121–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filbey FM, Ray L, Smolen A, Claus ED, Audette A, Hutchison KE. Differential neural response to alcohol priming and alcohol taste cues is associated with DRD4 VNTR and OPRM1 genotypes. Alcoholism, Clin Experim Res 2008;32:1113–1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claus ED, Ewing SW, Filbey FM, Sabbineni A, Hutchison KE. Identifying neurobiological phenotypes associated with alcohol use disorder severity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:2086–2096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollstadt-Klein S, Loeber S, Kirsch M, Bach P, Richter A, Buhler M, von der Goltz C, et al. Effects of cue-exposure treatment on neural cue reactivity in alcohol dependence: a randomized trial. Biolog Psychiatry 2011;69:1060–1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry EA, Kaye JT, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE, Ito TA. Cannabis cue reactivity and craving among never, infrequent and heavy cannabis users. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014;39:1214–1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filbey FM, Dunlop J, Baine J, Kuhn B, Alvi T, DeWitt S, Ketcherside A. Potentiating effects of cannabis in the brain’s hedonic response: fMRI of cue-reactivity in daily, long-term cannabis users. under review
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1642–1652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreek MJ, Nielsen DA, Butelman ER, LaForge KS. Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nature Neurosci 2005;8:1450–1457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman GL, Fiez JA, Corbetta M, Buckner RL, Miezin FM, Raichle ME, Petersen SE. Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. Decreases in cerebral cortex. J Cognit Neurosci 1997;9:648–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogeley K, May M, Ritzl A, Falkai P, Zilles K, Fink GR. Neural correlates of first-person perspective as one constituent of human self-consciousness. J Cognit Neurosci 2004;16:817–827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurz M, Aichhorn M, Martin A, Perner J. Common brain areas engaged in false belief reasoning and visual perspective taking: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Front Human Neurosci 2013;7:712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, Olmstead RE, Jou J, Tiongson E, Allen V, Scheibal D, et al. Neural substrates of resisting craving during cigarette cue exposure. Biolog Psychiatry 2007;62:642–651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabat-Zinn J. Wherever you go, there you are. New York: Hyperion; 1994
   Google Scholar
• Vidrine JI, Businelle MS, Cinciripini P, Li Y, Marcus MT, Waters AJ, Reitzel LR, et al. Associations of mindfulness with nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and agency. Substance Abuse 2009;30:318–327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy CM, MacKillop J. Mindfulness as a strategy for coping with cue-elicited cravings for alcohol: an experimental examination. Alcoholism, Clin Experim Res 2014;38:1134–1142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldstein Ewing SW, Chung T. Neuroimaging mechanisms of change in psychotherapy for addictive behaviors: emerging translational approaches that bridge biology and behavior. Psychol Addict Behav 2013;27:329–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Dios MA, Herman DS, Britton WB, Hagerty CE, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. Motivational and mindfulness intervention for young adult female marijuana users. J Substance Abuse Treat 2012;42:56–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slomski A. Mindfulness Based intervention and substance abuse relapse. JAMA 2014;311:2472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ives-Deliperi VL, Solms M, Meintjes EM. The neural substrates of mindfulness: an fMRI investigation. Social Neurosci 2011;6:231–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash RS, De Leon AA, Klatt M, Malarkey W, Patterson B. Mindfulness disposition and default-mode network connectivity in older adults. Soc Cognit Affective Neurosci 2013;8:112–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolini B, Burdette JH, Laurienti PJ, Morgan AR, Williamson DA, Rejeski WJ. Coping with brief periods of food restriction: mindfulness matters. Front Aging Neurosci 2012;4:13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldstein Ewing SW, Filbey FM, Hendershot CS, McEachern AD, Hutchison KE. Proposed model of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying psychosocial alcohol interventions: the example of motivational interviewing. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2011;72:903–916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filbey FM, Myers US, Dewitt S. Reward circuit function in high BMI individuals with compulsive overeating: similarities with addiction. NeuroImage 2012;63:1800–1806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldstein Ewing SW, McEachern AD, Yezhuvath U, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE, Filbey FM. Integrating brain and behavior: evaluating adolescents’ response to a cannabis intervention. Psychol Addict Behav 2013;27:510–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claus ED, Blaine SK, Filbey FM, Mayer AR, Hutchison KE. Association between nicotine dependence severity, BOLD response to smoking cues, and functional connectivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;38:2363–2372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greicius MD, Krasnow B, Reiss AL, Menon V. Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:253--258
   Google Scholar
• Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102:9673--9678
   Google Scholar
• Ersche KD, Jones PS, Williams GB, Turton AJ, Robbins TW, Bullmore ET. Abnormal brain structure implicated in stimulant drug addiction. Science 2012;335:601--604
   Google Scholar
• Feldstein Ewing SW, Mead HK, Yezhuvath U, Dewitt S, Hutchison KE, Filbey FM. A preliminary examination of how serotonergic polymorphisms influence brain response following an adolescent cannabis intervention. Psychiatry Res 2012;204:112–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWitt SJ, Aslan S, Filbey FM. Adolescent risk-taking and resting state functional connectivity. Psychiatry Res 2014;222:157–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filbey FM, Dunlop J. Differential reward network functional connectivity in cannabis dependent and non-dependent users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;140:101–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utevsky AV, Smith DV, Huettel SA. Precuneus is a functional core of the default-mode network. J Neurosci. 2014;34(3):932--940
   Google Scholar