References
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2014. World Drug Report 2014. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.14.XI.7.
- Coffey SF, Dansky BS, Carrigan MH, Brady KT. Acute and protracted cocaine abstinence in an outpatient population: a prospective study of mood, sleep and withdrawal symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000;59:277–86.
- Gawin FH, Kleber HD. Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers. Clinical observations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:107–113.
- Fischer-Smith KD, Houston AC, Rebec GV. Differential effects of cocaine access and withdrawal on glutamate type 1 transporter expression in rat nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience 2012;17:333–339.
- Wei YM, Li SX, Shi HS, Ding ZB, Luo YX, Xue YX, Lu L, Yu CX. Protracted cocaine withdrawal produces circadian rhythmic alterations of phosphorylated GSK-3β in reward-related brain areas in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011;17:228–233.
- Stoker AK, Markou A. Withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration induces deficits in brain reward function in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2011;30:176–181.
- Karila L, Berlin I, Benyamina A, Reynaud M. Psychotic symptoms following buprenorphine withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:400–401.
- Koe BK. Molecular geometry of inhibitors of the uptake of catecholamines and serotonin in synaptosomal preparations of rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1976;199:649–661.
- Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ. Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine. Science 1987;237:1219–1223.
- Roberts DC, Koob GF, Klonoff P, Fibiger HC. Extinction and recovery of cocaine self-administration following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980;12:781–787.
- Burnstock G, Verkhratsky A. Vas deferens – a model used to establish sympathetic cotransmission. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010;31:131–139.
- Westfall TD, Westfall DP. Pharmacological techniques for the in vitro study of the vas deferens. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2001;45:109–122.
- Burt RP, Chapple CR, Marshall I. Alpha1A-adrenoceptor mediated contraction of rat prostatic vas deferens and the involvement of ryanodine stores and Ca2+ influx stimulated by diacylglycerol and PKC. Br J Pharmacol 1998;123:317–325.
- Burt RP, Chapple CR, Marshall I. The role of diacylglycerol and activation of protein kinase C in alpha 1A-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction to noradrenaline of rat isolated epididymal vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol 1996;117:224–230.
- Nalepa I, Witarski T, Kowalska M, Filip M, Vetulani J. Effect of cocaine sensitization on alpha1-adrenoceptors in brain regions of the rat: an autoradiographic analysis. Pharmacol Rep 2006;58:827–835.
- Baumann MH, Milchanowski AB, Rothman RB. Evidence for alterations in alpha2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in rats exposed to repeated cocaine administration. Neuroscience 2004;125:683–690.
- Ford KA, Wolf ME, Hu XT. Plasticity of L-type Ca2+ channels after cocaine withdrawal. Synapse 2009;63:690–697.
- Fu Y, Pollandt S, Liu J, Krishnan B, Genzer K, Orozco-Cabal L, Gallagher JP, et al. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the central amygdala (CeA) is enhanced after prolonged withdrawal from chronic cocaine and requires CRF1 receptors. J Neurophysiol 2007;97:937–941.
- Perez MF, Ford KA, Goussakov I, Stutzmann GE, Hu XT. Repeated cocaine exposure decreases dopamine D₂-like receptor modulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis in rat nucleus accumbens neurons. Synapse 2011;65:168–180.
- Drouin C, Darracq L, Trovero F, Blanc G, Glowinski J, Cotecchia S, Tassin JP. Alpha1b-adrenergic receptors control locomotor and rewarding effects of psychostimulants and opiates. J Neurosci 2002;22:2873–2884.
- Darracq L, Blanc G, Glowinski J, Tassin JP. Importance of the noradrenaline-dopamine coupling in the locomotor activating effects of D-amphetamine. J Neurosci 1998;18:2729–2739.
- Perez MF, Gabach LA, Almiron RS, Carlini VP, De Barioglio SR, Ramirez OA. Different chronic cocaine administration protocols induce changes on dentate gyrus plasticity and hippocampal dependent behavior. Synapse 2010;64:742–753.
- Huang YY, Levine A, Kandel DB, Yin D, Colnaghi L, Drisaldi B, Kandel ER. D1/D5 receptors and histone deacetylation mediate the Gateway Effect of LTP in hippocampal dentate gyrus. Learn Mem 2014;18:153–160.
- Hawkins RD. Possible contributions of a novel form of synaptic plasticity in Aplysia to reward, memory, and their dysfunctions in mammalian brain. Learn Mem 2013;18:580–591.
- Gulley JM, Juraska JM. The effects of abused drugs on adolescent development of corticolimbic circuitry and behavior. Neuroscience 2013;26:3–20.
- Santos-Vera B, Vázquez-Torres R, Marrero HG, Acevedo JM, Arencibia-Albite F, Vélez-Hernández ME, Miranda JD, et al. Cocaine sensitization increases I h current channel subunit 2 (HCN₂) protein expression in structures of the mesocorticolimbic system. J Mol Neurosci 2013;50:234–245.
- Markel AL, Galaktionov Y, Efimov VM. Factor analysis of rat behavior in an open field test. Neurosci Behav Physiol 1989;19:279–286.
- Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M. Validation of open: closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 1985;14:149–167.
- Frussa-Filho R, Ribeiro R de A. One-trial tolerance to the effects of chlordiazepoxide in the elevated plus-maze is not due to acquisition of a phobic avoidance of open arms during initial exposure. Life Sci 2002;71:519–525.
- Picarelli ZP, Hyppolito N, Vale JR. Synergistic effect of 5-hydroxiptamine on the response of rats’ seminal vesicles to adrenaline and noradrenaline. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1962;138:354–363.
- Pereira JD, Caricati-Neto A, Jurkiewicz A, Jurkiewicz NH. Decreased noradrenergic and serotonergic reactivity of vas deferens of newborn rats from mothers treated with the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Life Sci 2007;81:1501–1508.
- Vladimirova I, Jurkiewicz NH, Jurkiewicz A. Evidence for participation of nitric oxide in excitatory neurotransmission in rat vas deferens. Life Sci 1994;55:1123–1128.
- Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, Mcburnett K, Donahue J, Lyne A. Long-term, open-label extension study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with ADHD. CNS Spectr 2008;13:1047–1055.
- Arnsten AF, Schahill L, Findling RL. Alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: emerging concepts from new data. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007;17:393–406.
- Head GA, Mayorov DN. Imidazoline receptors, novel agents and therapeutic potential. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2006;4:17–32.
- Van Rossum J, Van Den Brink F. Cumulative dose-response curves. I. Introduction to the technique. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1963;143:240–246.
- De Almeida Kiguti LR, Pupo AS. Investigation of the effects of α1-adrenoceptor antagonism and L-type calcium channel blockade on ejaculation and vas deferens and seminal vesicle contractility in vitro. J Sex Med 2012;9:159–168.
- Borges R, Sala F, García AG. Continuous monitoring of catecholamine release from perfused cat adrenals. J Neurosci Methods 1986;16:289–300.
- Pupo AS. Functional effects of castration on alpha1-adrenoceptors in rat vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;351:217–223.
- Jurkiewicz A, Jurkiewicz NH. Dual effect of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists in rat isolated vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol 1976;56:169–178.
- Wang JL, Wang B, Chen W. Differences in cocaine-induced place preference persistence, locomotion and social behaviors between C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice. Dongwuxue Yanjiu 2014;35:426–435.
- De Oliveira Citó Mdo C, Da Silva FC, Silva MI, Moura BA, Macêdo DS, Woods DJ, Fonteles MM, et al. Reversal of cocaine withdrawal-induced anxiety by ondansetron, buspirone and propranolol. Behav Brain Res 2012;16:116–123.
- Bystrowska B, Adamczyk P, Moniczewski A, Zaniewska M, Fuxe K, Filip M. LC/MS/MS evaluation of cocaine and its metabolites in different brain areas, peripheral organs and plasma in cocaine self-administering rats. Pharmacol Rep 2012;64:1337–1349.
- Kolbrich EA, Barnes AJ, Gorelick DA, Boyd SJ, Cone EJ, Huestis MA. Major and minor metabolites of cocaine in human plasma following controlled subcutaneous cocaine administration. J Anal Toxicol 2006;30:501–510.
- Pellinen P, Kulmala L, Konttila J, Auriola S, Pasanen M, Juvonen R. Kinetic characteristics of norcocaine N-hydroxylation in mouse and human liver microsomes: involvement of CYP enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2000;74:511–520.
- Boelsterli UA, Lanzotti A, Göldlin C, Oertle M. Identification of cytochrome P-450IIB1 as a cocaine-bioactivating isoform in rat hepatic microsomes and in cultured rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 1992;20:96–101.
- Spanagel R, Kiefer F. Drugs for relapse prevention of alcoholism: ten years of progress. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008;29:109–115.
- Gabriele A, Pacchioni AM, See RE. Dopamine and glutamate release in the dorsolateral caudate putamen following withdrawal from cocaine self-administration in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012;103:373–379.
- Matell MS, King GR. 5-HT3 receptor mediated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens during withdrawal from continuous cocaine. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 1997;130:242–248.
- Karoum F, Egan MF, Wyatt RJ. Selective reduction in dopamine turnover in the rat frontal cortex and hypothalamus during withdrawal from repeated cocaine exposure. Eur J Pharmacol 1994;254:127–132.
- Civantos Calzada B, Aleixandre de Artiñano A. Alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes. Pharmacol Res 2001;44:195–208.
- García-Sevilla JA, Zubieta JK. Activation and desensitization of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors after inhibition of neuronal uptake by antidepressant drugs in the rat vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol 1986;89:673–683.
- Göthert M, Molderings GJ, Fink K, Schlicker E. Alpha 2-adrenoceptor-independent inhibition by imidazolines and guanidines of noradrenaline release from peripheral, but not central noradrenergic neurons. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995;763:405–419.
- Docherty JR, Göthert M, Dieckhöfer C, Starke K. Effects of 4-chloro-2-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)-isoindoline Hydrochloride (BE 6143) at pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery. Arzneimittelforschung 1982;32:1534–1540.
- Premkumar LS. Block of a Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel by cocaine. J Membr Biol 2005;204:129–136.
- Zhang A, Cheng TP, Altura BT, Altura BM. Acute cocaine results in rapid rises in intracellular free calcium concentration in canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: possible relation to etiology of stroke. Neurosci Lett 1996;215:57–59.