Legal regimes surrounding naloxone access: considerations for prescribers

References

• Kim D, Irwin KS, Khoshnood K. Expanded access to naloxone: options for critical response to the epidemic of opioid overdose mortality. Am J Public Health 2009;99:402–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Opioid Painkiller Prescribing. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/opioid-prescribing/ [last accessed 28 Nov 2014].
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. Overdose Death Rates. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. Available from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates [last accessed 19 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Rudd RA, Paulozzi LJ, Bauer MJ, Burleson RW, Carlson RE, Dao D, Davis JW, et al. Increases in heroin overdose deaths – 28 states, 2010 to 2012. MMWR 2014;63:849–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behavioral Health Coordinating Committee, Prescription Drug Abuse Subcommittee, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Addressing Prescription Drug Abuse in the United States Current Activities and Future Opportunities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/pdf/HHS_Prescription_Drug_Abuse_Report_09.2013.pdf. [last accessed 8 June 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Gray E. Heroin gains popularity as cheap doses flood the U.S. Time; 4 February, 2014. Available from: http://time.com/4505/heroin-gains-popularity-as-cheap-doses-flood-the-u-s/.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Surratt HL, Kurtz SP. The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years. JAMA Psychiatry 2014;71:821–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burris S, Beletsky L, Castagna C, Casey C, Colin C, McLaughlin, JM. Stopping an invisible epidemic: legal issues in the provision of naloxone to prevent opioid overdose. Drexel Law Rev 2009;1:273–339.
   Google Scholar
• Pattinson KT. Opioids and the control of respiration. Br J Anaesthesia 2008;100:747–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lexi-Comp Online®, Lexi-Drugs®, Hudson, Ohio: Lexi-Comp, Inc.; 28 November 2014.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves new hand-held auto-injector to reverse opioid overdose. U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm391465.htm. April 3, 2014 [last accessed 28 Nov 2014].
   Google Scholar
• EVZIO™ [package insert]. Richmond, VA: Kaleo Incorporated; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson TM, Hendey GW, Stroh G, Shalit M. Intranasal naloxone is a viable alternative to intravenous naloxone for prehospital narcotic overdose. Prehosp Emergency Care 2009;13:512–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin MA, Saybolt M, Kapitanyan R, et al. Intranasal naloxone delivery is an alternative to intravenous naloxone for opioid overdoses. Am J Emergency Med 2010;28:296–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabzghabaee AM, Eizadi-Mood N, Yaraghi A, Zandifar S. Naloxone therapy in opioid overdose patients: intranasal or intravenous? A randomized clinical trial. Arch Medical Sci 2014;10:309–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis CS, Ruiz S, Glynn P, Picariello G, Walley AY. Expanded access to naloxone among firefighters, police officers, and emergency medical technicians in Massachusetts. Am J Public Health 2014;104:e7–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis CS, Southwell JK, Niehaus VR, Walley AY, Dailey MW. Emergency medical services naloxone access: a national systematic legal review. Academic Emergency Med 2014;21:1173–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporer KA, Kral AH. Prescription naloxone: a novel approach to heroin overdose prevention. Annals Emergency Med 2007;49:172–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone to laypersons – United States, 2014. MMWR 2015;64:631–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark AK, Wilder CM, Winstanley EL. A systematic review of community opioid overdose prevention and naloxone distribution programs. J Addict Med 2014;8:153–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOPE Project/San Francisco Department of Public Health. Overdose Rescue & Naloxone: Long-format training. Harm Reduction Coalition website. Available from: http://harmreduction.org/issues/overdose-prevention/tools-best-practices/training-materials/curricula-for-users/. [last accessed 24 May 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Harm Reduction Coalition. Naloxone Program Case Studies. Harm Reduction Coalition website. Available from: http://harmreduction.org/issues/overdose-prevention/tools-best-practices/naloxone-program-case-studies/ [last accessed 24 May 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Vermont Department of Health. Overdose Prevention & Naloxone Enrollment Form. Vermont Department of Health website. Available from: http://healthvermont.gov/adap/treatment/naloxone/documents/naloxone_od_enrollment_form.pdf. [last accessed 24 May 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Boston Medical Center. Intranasal Naloxone Kit Discharge Order Protocol. Prescribe to Prevent website. Available from: http://prescribetoprevent.org/wp-content/uploads/NaloxoneKitDischargeOrderProtocol_091313.pdf. September 2013. [last accessed 24 May 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Doe-Simkins M, Quinn E, Xuan Z, et al. Overdose rescues by trained and untrained participants and change in opioid use among substance-using participants in overdose education and naloxone distribution programs: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2014;14:297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walley AY, Xuan Z, Hackman HH, Quinn E, Doe-Simkins M, Sorensen-Alawad A, Ruiz S, et al. Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ 2013;346:f174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seal KH, Thawley R, Gee L, Bamberger J, Kral AH, Ciccarone D, Downing M, et al. Naloxone distribution and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for injection drug users to prevent heroin overdose death: a pilot intervention study. J Urban Health 2005;82:303–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner KD, Valente TW, Casanova M, Partovi SM, Mendenhall BM, Hundley JH, Gonzalez M, et al. Evaluation of an overdose prevention and response training programme for injection drug users in the Skid Row area of Los Angeles, CA. Int J Drug Policy 2010;21:186–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. Lists of: Scheduling Actions Controlled Substances Regulated Chemicals. Office of Diversion Control website. Available from: http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/orangebook.pdf. [last accessed 18 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Naloxone – sold to and administered by qualified first responders, V.A.M.S. § 190.255 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonist; prescription and dispensing permitted by authorized licensed health care providers to persons at risk of opioid-related overdose or persons in position to assist person at risk; standing distribution orders; overdose prevention and treatment training; immunity from liability, Cal. Civil Code § 1714.22 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws. Good Samaritan and Naloxone Bill Status Report – Carryover 2015 and Special Sessions. National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws website. Available from: http://www.namsdl.org/library/5ADFAF25-B7DA-7305-7CD278B0EC0599CE/. [last accessed 18 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonist – prescriptions authorized; administration; liability, Ala. Code 1975 § 20-2-4 (1975).
   Google Scholar
• Drugs and medicine – physicians and dentists – opioid antagonist – drug overdoses, H.B. 208, Alabama 2015 Regular Session (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Administration of opiate antagonists; training; immunity; designation by director, A.R.S. § 36-2228 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonist – Immunity, A.C.A. § 20-13-1604 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Furnishing of naloxone hydrochloride; development of standardized procedures or protocols, Cal. Bus & Prof. Code § 4052.01 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Protocol for Pharmacists Furnishing Naloxone Hydrochloride, 16 CCR § 1746.3 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Unprofessional conduct, C.R.S.A. § 12-36-117 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Grounds for discipline, C.R.S.A. § 12-38-117 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Prescribing opiate antagonists – definitions, C.R.S.A. § 12-38-125.5 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Rules, C.R.S.A. § 12-42.5-105 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Prescription required – exception – dispensing opiate antagonists – definitions, C.R.S.A. § 12-42.5-120 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Unprofessional conduct – grounds for discipline, C.R.S.A. § 12-42.5-123 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Persons rendering emergency assistance through the administration of an opiate antagonist – limited immunity – legislative declaration – definitions, C.R.S.A. § 13-21-108.7 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Immunity for a person who administers an opiate antagonist during an opiate-related drug overdose event – definitions, C.R.S.A. § 18-1-712 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Immunity for prescribing, dispensing or administering an opioid antagonist to treat or prevent a drug overdose, C.G.S.A. § 17a-714a (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Community-based Naloxone access program, 16 Del.C. § 138 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Administration of naloxone by peace officers and the Community-Based Naloxone Access Program, 16 Del.C. § 3001G (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Seeking health care for an overdose victim, D.C. Code § 7–403 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Emergency treatment for suspected opioid overdose, Fla. Stat. § 381.887 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonists, Ga. Code § 26-4-116.2 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonists; administration; issuance; liability, Ga. Code § 31-11-55.1 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Practice of pharmacy, I.C. § 54–1704 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Violations and penalties, I.C. § 54–1732 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonists, I.C. § 54-1733B (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Possession of legend drugs, I.C. § 54–1734 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Drug Overdose Prevention Program, 20 ILCS 301/5-23 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• “Prescriber” defined, IC § 16-42-27-1 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Prescribing or dispensing an overdose intervention drug without examination; conditions, IC § 16-42-27-2 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Immunity from civil liability, IC § 16-42-27-3 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Overdose intervention drug, IC § 16-18-2-263.9 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Provider prescribing or dispensing naloxone; administration by third party; use of naloxone by person or agency authorized to administer medication; immunity from liability; administrative regulations; use of naloxone by schools, KRS § 217.186 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Naloxone; first responder; prescription; administration to third party; limitation of liability, LA R.S. 40:978.1 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Naloxone; prescription; dispensing; administration by third party; limitation of liability, LA R.S. 40:978.2 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Naloxone hydrochloride, 22 M.R.S.A. § 2353 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Overdose Response Program, MD Health Gen T. 13, Subt. 31 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Prescription; restrictions on issuance, M.G.L.A. 94C § 19 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonist, M.G.L.A. 94C §19B (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Immunity from prosecution under Secs. 34 or 35 for persons seeking medical assistance for self or other experiencing drug-related overdose, M.G.L.A. 94C §34A (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Definitions, M.C.L.A. § 28.541 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Definitions; terms commencing “o” and “p”, M.C.L.A. § 333.1106 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Report on opioid-related fatalities, M.C.L.A. § 333.7421 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Prescribing, dispensing, possessing, or administering opioid antagonist; powers and duties of prescriber, dispensing prescriber, and pharmacist; civil liability, M.C.L.A. § 333.17744b (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonist; administration to individual suffering opioid-related overdose, M.C.L.A. § 691.1503 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Legend drugs, who may prescribe, possess, M.S.A § 151.37 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Good samaritan overdose prevention, M.S.A. ST § 604A.04 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• The Emergency Response and Overdose Prevention Act, H.B. 692, Mississippi Regular Session (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Naloxone, Neb.Rev.St. LB 390, § 11 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Establishes an opioid overdose prevention policy for Nevada, S.B. 459, Nevada 78th Legislature (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Persons and Corporations Exempted, N.H. Rev. Stat. § 318-B:15 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Overdose Prevention, 24 NJ ST Subt. 1, Ch. 6J (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Establishment of sterile syringe access program by municipalities, N.J.S.A. § 26:5C-28 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Authority to administer opioid antagonists; release from liability, N.M.S.A. 1978, § 24-23-1 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Health care professionals; release from liability, N.M.S.A. 1978, § 24-23-2 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Authorization to administer opioid antagonists, N.M. Admin. Code 7.32.7 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Pharmacist, N.M. Admin. Code 16.19.4 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Pharmacist prescriptive authority, N.M. Admin. Code 16.19.26 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid overdose prevention, NY Pub health § 3309 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid overdose prevention programs, 10 NYCRR 80.138 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Treatment of overdose with opioid antagonist; immunity, N.C.G.S.A. § 90-106.2 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• A Bill for an Act to create and enact a new section to chapter 23-01 and a new subsection to section 43-15-11 of the North Dakota Century Code, relating to immunity from liability related to opioid antagonists and limited prescriptive authority for Naloxone rescue kits, S.B. 2104, 64th Legislative Assembly of North Dakota (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Immunity for administration of naloxone, R.C. § 2925.61 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Furnishing supply of, or issuing prescription for, naloxone without examining individual to whom it may be administered; immunity, R.C. § 4723.488 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Priority of sale, distribution, and delivery of naloxone; immunity, R.C. § 4729.511 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Furnishing supply of, or issuing prescription for, naloxone without examining individual to whom it may be administered; immunity, R.C. § 4730.431 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Furnishing supply of, or issuing prescription for, naloxone without examining individual to whom it may be administered; immunity, R.C. § 4731.94 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Administration of opiate antagonists, 63 Okl.St.Ann. § 1-2506.1 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Prescription of opiate antagonists to family members, 63 Okl.St.Ann. § 1-2506.2 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Sale or disposition of Naloxone, 63 Okl.St.Ann. § 2-312.2 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Establishment of protocols and training on lifesaving treatments for opiate overdose; provision of training and supplies; immunity, O.R.S. § 689.681 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Programs to treat allergic response or hypoglycemia, Oregon Administrative Code, Chapter 333, Division 55 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Purpose, OAR 333-055-0100 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Definitions, OAR 333-055-0105 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Educational training, OAR 333-055-0110 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Certificate of completion of training, OAR 333-055-0115 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Definitions, OAR 855-041-2310 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Naloxone, OAR 855-041-2330 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Drug overdose response immunity, 35 P.S. § 780-113.7 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Drug overdose medication, 35 P.S. § 780-113.8 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Rules and Regulations pertaining to opioid overdose prevention and reporting, 31 RI Adc D. 2, R.9 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Overdose prevention and education, R.I. Admin. Code 46-1-13:46.0 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• South Carolina Overdose Prevention Act, H.B. 3083, South Carolina General Assembly 121st Session (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonist defined, SDCL § 34-20A-99 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• An act to provide for the possession and administration of opioid antagonists by first responders for the treatment of drug overdoses, S.B. 14, South Dakota Regular Session of the 90th Legislature (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonists; usage; liability, T.C.A. § 63-1-152 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• An act relating to the prescription, administration, and possession of certain opioid antagonists for the treatment of suspected opioid overdoses, S.B. 1462, Texas 84th Legislature (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Emergency Administration of Opiate Antagonist Act, Utah Code Annotated, Title 26, Chapter 55 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opiate antagonist – immunity from liability, U.C.A. § 58-17b-507 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opiate antagonist – exclusion from unprofessional or unlawful conduct, U.C.A. § 58-31b-703 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Naloxone hydrochloride; dispensing or furnishing, 26 V.S.A. § 2080 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Prevention and treatment of opioid-related overdoses, 18 V.S.A. § 4240 (2015)
   Google Scholar
• Persons rendering emergency care, obstetrical services exempt from liability, VA Code Ann. § 8.01-225 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Professional use by practitioners, VA Code Ann. § 54.1-3408 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Medical assistance – drug-related overdose – naloxone – prosecution for possession, RCW § 69.50.315 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid overdose medication [Tentative classification and name line supplied by publisher], RCW § 69.41.0001 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Prescription requirements – penalty, RCW § 69.41.040 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Access to Opioid Antagonists Act, West Virginia Code, Chapter 16, Article 46 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Opioid antagonists, W.S.A. § 256.40 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Disciplinary proceedings and actions, W.S.A. § 441.07 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Prescriptions for and delivery of opioid antagonists, W.S.A. § 441.18 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Prescriptions for and delivery of opioid antagonists, W.S.A. § 448.037 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Definitions, W.S.A. § 450.01 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Prescription drugs and prescription devices, W.S.A. § 450.11 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Civil liability exemption; emergency medical care, W.S.A. § 895.48 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Attorney General State of Maryland, Opinion No. 03-009, 2003 WL 21003267 (Md.A.G.).
   Google Scholar
• License required to practice medicine, MD Code, Health Occupations, § 14–601 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Effect of violation, W.Y.1977 § 33-26-410 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Beletsky L, Ruthazer R, Macalino GE, Rich JD, Tan L, Burris S. Physicians’ knowledge of and willingness to prescribe naloxone to reverse accidental opiate overdose: challenges and opportunities. J Urban Health 2007;84:126–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Network for Public Health Law. Legal Interventions to Reduce Overdose Mortality: Naloxone Access and Overdose Good Samaritan Laws. The Network for Public Health Law website. Available from: https://www.networkforphl.org/_asset/qz5pvn/network-naloxone-10-4.pdf. [last accessed 19 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Manufacture or sale of adulterated or misbranded items prohibited, MD Code, Health – General, § 21–256 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Burris S, Norland J, Edlin BR. Legal aspects of providing naloxone to heroin users in the United States. Int J Drug Policy 2001;12:237–248.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Law Research. Naloxone Overdose Prevention Laws Map. LawAtlas Policy Surveillance Portal website. Available from: http://lawatlas.org/query?dataset=laws-regulating-administration-of-naloxone. [last accessed 18 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Borg L. By end of August, CVS will offer Narcan without prescription to counter opiate overdoses. Providence Journal. Available from: http://www.providencejournal.com/article/20140823/LIFESTYLE/308239953 [last accessed 18 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• CVS Health. Boston Medical Center teams up with Rhode Island Hospital, CVS Health to address use of pharmacy-based naloxone to combat opioid addiction and overdoses. PR Newswire. Available from: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/boston-medical-center-teams-up-with-rhode-island-hospital-cvs-health-to-address-use-of-pharmacy-based-naloxone-to-combat-opioid-addiction-and-overdoses-300124914.html [last accessed 18 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Krasnow B. New Mexico pharmacists to prescribe anti-overdose drug. Santa Fe New Mexican. Available from: http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/health_and_science/new-mexico-pharmacists-to-prescribe-anti-overdose-drug/article_1399d567-d665-5017-b20a-9ff071dde447.html. March 26, 2014 [last accessed 18 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• License denial, suspension, or revocation, MD Code, Health Occupations, § 14–404 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Unprofessional conduct – Definition, 59 Okl.St.Ann. § 509 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Grounds for suspending, revoking or refusing to grant license, registration or certification; alternative medicine, O.R.S. § 677.190 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws. Naloxone Access: Status of State Laws Map. National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws website. Available from: www.namsdl.org/library/6BD4D3A9-CC60-DE82-D2235BAD98403C12. [last accessed 19 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Office of National Drug Control Policy, Office of Public Affairs. Fact sheet: Preventing, treating, and surviving overdose. The White House website. Available from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/prevention/overdose_fact_sheet.pdf. [last accessed 28 Nov 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Executive Office of the President of the United States. National Drug Control Strategy. The White House website. Available from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ndcs_2014.pdf. [last accessed 18 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Doyon S, Aks SE, Schaeffer S, American Academy of Clinical T, American College of Medical T, American Association of Poison Control C. Expanding access to naloxone in the United States. Clin Toxicol 2014;52:989–992.
   Google Scholar
• Naloxone Overdose Prevention and Education (NOPE) Working Group. Naloxone Legislation Drafting Guide. Harm Reduction Coalition website. Available from: http://harmreduction.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/NOPE-Model-Naloxone-Legislation-with-NOPE-Description-and-Exhibits.pdf. [last accessed 28 Nov 2014].
   Google Scholar
• National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws. About. National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws website. Available from: http://www.namsdl.org/about.cfm. [last accessed 18 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws. Naloxone Access Statutes. National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws website. Available from: http://www.namsdl.org/library/6BFAE451-C122-D879-810C2AB405DBB9F2/. [last accessed 19 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Lexicomp Online®, Lexi-Drugs®, Hudson, Ohio: Lexi-Comp, Inc.; August 18, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Oregon Health Authority. Opiate Overdose Treatment: Naloxone Training Protocol. Oregon Public Health Division website. Available from: https://public.health.oregon.gov/ProviderPartnerResources/EMSTraumaSystems/Documents/naloxone/naloxone-training-protocol.pdf. [last accessed 18 Aug 2015].
   Google Scholar