Experimental Evaluation of Surfactants for Replacement Therapy

References

• Fujiwara T, Maeta H, Chida S, Morita T, Watabe Y, Abe T. Artificial surfactant therapy in hyaline-membrane disease. Lancet 1980; 1: 55–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenough A, Morley C J, Wood S, Miller N, Bangham A D. Effect of artificial surfactant on lung function in preterm neonates. Current Concepts in Surfactant Research. Prog Respir Res, vol. 18, P von Wichert. Karger, Basel 1984; 263–266
   Google Scholar
• Halliday H, McClure G, Reid MMcC, Lappin T RJ, Meban C, Thomas P S. Controlled trial of artificial surfactant to prevent respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 1984; 1: 476–478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ten Centre Study Group. Ten centre trial of artificial surfactant (artificial lung expanding compound) in very premature babies. Br Med J 1987; 294: 991–996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enhorning G, Shennan A, Possmayer F, Dunn M, Chen C P, Milligan J. Prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome by tracheal instillation of surfactant: A randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics 1985; 76: 145–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallman M, Merritt T A, Jarvenpaa A-L, Boynton B, Mannino F, Gluck L, Moore T, Edwards D. Exogenous human surfactant for treatment of severe respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized prospective clinical trial. J Pediatr 1985; 106: 963–969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwong M S, Egan E A, Notter R H, Shapiro D L. Double-blind clinical trial of calf lung surfactant extract for the prevention of hyaline membrane disease in extremely premature infants. Pediatrics 1985; 76: 585–592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro D L, Notter R H, Morin F C, Deluga K S, Golub L M, Sinkin R A, Weiss M I, Cox C. Double-blind, randomized trial of a calf lung surfactant extract administered at birth to very premature infants for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1985; 76: 593–599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson A, Jenkins P A, Jeffrey J A. Two controlled trials of dry artificial surfactant: Early effects and later outcome in babies with surfactant deficiency. Lancet 1985; 2: 287–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt T A, Hallman M, Bloom B T, Berry C, Benirschke K, Shan D, Key T, Edwards D, Jarvenpaa A-L, Pohjavuori M, Kankaanpaa K, Kunnas M, Paatero H, Rapola J, Jaaskelainen J. Prophylactic treatment of very premature infants with human surfactant. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 785–790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitlin J D, Soil R F, Parad R B, Horbar J D, Feldman H A, Lucey J F, Taeusch H W. Randomized controlled trial of exogenous surfactant for the treatment of hyaline membrane disease. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 31–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raju T N, Vidyasagar D, Bhat R, Sobel D, McCulloch K M, Anderson M, Maeta H, Levy P, Furner S. Double-blind controlled trial of single-dose treatment with bovine surfactant in severe hyaline membrane disease. Lancet 1987; 1: 651–656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson B. New approaches to the prophylaxis and treatment of the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory Distress Syndrome of Premature Infants–Significance of Surfactant and Its Pharmacological Influence, RR. Wauer. VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, Berlin 1987; 116–126
   Google Scholar
• Benson B J, Williams M C, Hawgood S, Sargeant T. Role of lung surfactant-specific proteins in surfactant structure and function. Current Concepts in Surfactant Research. Prog Respir Res, vol. 18, P von Wichert. Karger, Basel 1984; 83–92
   Google Scholar
• Benson B J, Williams M C, Sueishi K, Goerke J, Sargeant T. Role of calcium ions in the structure and function of pulmonary surfactant. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 793: 18–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albon N, Sturtevant J M. Nature of the gel to liquid crystal transition of synthetic phosphatidylcholines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 2258–2260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goerke J. Lung surfactant. Biochim Biophys Acta 1974; 344: 241–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements J A. Functions of the alveolar lining. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 67–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangham A D, Morley C J, Phillips M C. The physical properties of an effective lung surfactant. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979; 573: 552–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossmann G, Larsson I, Nilsson R, Robertson B, Rydhag L, Stenius P. Lung expansion in premature newborn rabbits treated with emulsified surfactant; principles for experimental evaluation of synthetic substitutes for pulmonary surfactant. Respiration 1984; 45: 327–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King R J, MacBeth M C. Physiochemical properties of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine after interaction with an apolipoprotein of pulmonary surfactant. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979; 557: 86–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawgood S, Benson B J, Schilling J, Damm D, Clements J A, Tyler White R. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of pulmonary surfactant protein SP 18 and evidence for cooperation between SP 18 and SP 28–36 in surfactant lipid adsorption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 66–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley C J, Bangham A D, Miller N, Davis J A. Dry artificial lung surfactant and its effect on very premature babies. Lancet 1981; 1: 64–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turcotte J G, Sacco A M, Steim J M, Tabak S A, Notter R H. Chemical synthesis and surface properties of an analog of the pulmonary surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1977; 488: 235–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enhorning G. Pulsating bubble technique for evaluating pulmonary surfactant. J Appl Physiol 1977; 43: 198–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe I L, Enhorning G, Possmayer F. Pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins: Their role in the expression of surface activity. J Appl Physiol 1980; 49: 34–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebran J N, Goerke J, Clements J A. Pulmonary surface film stability and composition. J Appl Physiol 1979; 47: 604–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüfer R. Der Einfluss oberflächenaktiver Substanzen auf Entfaltung und Retraktion isolierter Lungen. Pfluegers Arch 1967; 298: 170–184
   Google Scholar
• Ikegami M, Hesterberg T, Nozaki M, Adams F H. Restoration of lung pressure-volume characteristics with surfactant: Comparison of nebulization versus instillation and natural versus synthetic surfactant. Pediatr Res 1977; 11: 178–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermel M S, McBride J T, Notter R H. Lavaged excised rat lungs as a model of surfactant deficiency. Lung 1984; 162: 99–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikegami M, Silverman J, Adams F H. Restoration of lung pressure-volume characteristics with various phospholipids. Pediatr Res 1979; 13: 777–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obladen M, Popp D, Scholl C, Schwarz H, Jahnig F. Studies on lung surfactant replacement in respiratory distress syndrome: Rapid film formation from binary mixed liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 735: 215–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schürch S, Bachofen H, Weibel E R. Alveolar surface tensions in excised rabbit lungs: Effect of temperature. Respir Physiol 1985; 62: 31–45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clements J A, Hustead R F, Johnson R P, Gribetz I. Pulmonary surface tension and alveolar stability. J Appl Physiol 1961; 16: 444–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenwald P. A numerical index of the stability of lung expansion. J Appl Physiol 1963; 18: 665–667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enhörning G, Robertson B. Lung expansion in the premature rabbit fetus after tracheal deposition of surfactant. Pediatrics 1972; 50: 58–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Takei T, Aiba T, Masuda K, Kiuchi A, Fujiwara T. Development of synthetic lung surfactants. J Lipid Res 1986; 27: 475–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revak S B, Merritt T A, Hallman M, Cochrane C G. Reconstitution of surfactant activity using purified human apoprotein and phospholipids measured. in vitro and in vivo. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 1258–1265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara T. Surfactant replacement in neonatal RDS. Pulmonary Surfactant, B Robertson, LMG Van Golde, JJ Batenburg. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1984; 479–503
   Google Scholar
• Nohara K, Berggren P, Curstedt T, Grossmann G, Nilsson R, Robertson B. Correlations between physical and physiological properties of various preparations of lung surfactant. Eur J Respir Dis 1986; 69: 321–335
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachmann B, Grossmann G, Freyse J, Robertson B. Lung-thorax compliance in the artificially ventilated premature rabbit neonate in relation to variations in inspiratiomexpiration ratio. Pediatr Res 1981; 15: 833–838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachmann B, Berggren P, Curstedt T, Grossmann G, Robertson B. Combined effects of surfactant substitution and prolongation of inspiration phase in artificially ventilated premature newborn rabbits. Pediatr Res 1982; 16: 921–927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson R. The artificially ventilated preterm rabbit neonate as experimental model of hyaline membrane disease. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1982; 26: 89–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obladen M, Kampmann W, Zimmermann I, Lachmann B. Artificial surfactant in preterm rabbits with and without respiratory distress syndrome: Differences of in vitro and in vivo activities. Eur J Pediatr 1985; 144: 195–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson B, Berry D, Curstedt T, Grossmann G, Ikegami M, Jacobs H, Jobe A, Jones S. Leakage of protein in the immature rabbit lungs; effect of surfactant replacement. Respir Physiol 1985; 61: 265–276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujiwara T, Maeta H, Chida S, Morita T. Improved lung-thorax compliance and prevention of neonatal pulmonary lesion in prematurely delivered rabbit neonates subjected to IPPV after tracheal instillation of artificial surfactant. IRCS (Int Res Commun Syst) Med Sci 1979; 7: 313
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Grossmann G, Robertson B, Ueda T. Effects of artificial and natural surfactant supplementation in immature newborn rabbits. J Jap Med Soc Biol Interface 1984; 15: 125–131
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Kokubo M, Habrant P, Murakami S. Surfactant replacement before and after the initial respiration in immature newborn rabbits. J Jap Med Soc Biol Interface 1985; 16: 27–33
   Google Scholar
• Schneider H A, Hallman M, Benirschke K, Gluck L. Human surfactant: A therapeutic trial in premature rabbits. J Pediatr 1982; 100: 619–622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berggren P, Curstedt T, Grossmann G, Nilsson R, Robertson B. Physiological activity of pulmonary surfactant with low protein content; effect of enrichment with synthetic phospholipids. Exp Lung Res 1985; 8: 29–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nohara K, Muramatsu K, Oda T. Six cases of RDS treated with Surfactant CK. J Jap Med Soc Biol Interface 1983; 14: 173–178
   Google Scholar
• Hallman M, Merritt T A, Schenider H, Epstein B L, Mannino F, Edwards D K, Gluck L. Isolation of human surfactant from amniotic fluid and a pilot study of its efficacy in respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1983; 71: 473–482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svenningsen N, Robertson B, Andreason B, Berggren P, Johnson B, Lindroth M. Endotracheal administration of surfactant in very low birth weight infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 918–922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noack G, Berggren P, Curstedt T, Grossmann G, Herin P, Mortensson W, Nilsson R, Robertson B. Severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome treated with the isolated phospholipid fraction of natural surfactant. Acta Pediatr Scand 1987; 76: 697–705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley C J, Robertson B, Lachmann B, Nilsson R, Bangham A, Grossmann G, Miller N. Artificial surfactant and natural surfactant. Comparative study of the effects on premature rabbit lungs. Arch Dis Child 1980; 55: 758–765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliday H, Nilsson R, Robertson B, Rigaut J-P, Grossman G. Automated image analysis of the alveolar expansion pattern in immature rabbits treated with natural or artificial surfactant. Br J Exp Pathol 1987; 68: 727–732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner A D, Vyas H, Hopkin I E. Effects of artificial surfactant on lung function and blood gases in idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1983; 58: 458–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner A D, Vyas H, Hopkin I E. Effect of exogenous surfactant on total respiratory system compliance. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 369–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obladen M, Kohler S, Dreischulte M, Stevens P. Substitution of artificial surfactant monitored by pneumotachography: A pilot study in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical Trials of the Use of Surfactant in the Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome, JF. Lucey. Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH 1984; 159–163
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Curstedt T, Grossmann G, Kobayashi T, Nilsson R, Nohara K, Robertson B. The role of the low-molecular weight (§ 15000 daltons) apoproteins of pulmonary surfactant. Eur J Respir Dis 1986; 69: 336–345
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson B, Grossmann G, Kobayashi T, Kokubo M, Suzuki Y. Prolonged ventilation of the premature newborn rabbit after treatment with natural or apoprotein-based artificial surfactant. Eur J Pediatr 1988; 147: 168–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curstedt T, Jörnvall H, Robertson B, Bergman Berggren TP. Two hydrophobic low-molecular weight protein fractions of pulmonary surfactant; characterization and biophysical activity. Eur J Biochem 1987; 168: 255–262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachmann B. New aspects in pathophysiology and therapy of respiratory distress syndrome: Criteria for characterization of exogenous surfactant in surfactant deficient animal models. Selected Topics in Perinatal Medicine, EV Cosmi, G C DiRenzo. CIC Edizioni Internazionali, Rome 1986; 177–198
   Google Scholar
• Lachmann B. Some criteria for in vivo testing of surfactant preparations. Diagnosis and Treatment of Fetal Lung Immaturity, M Vignali, EV Cosmi, M Luerti. Milano, Masson 1986; 182–192
   Google Scholar
• Robertson B. Lung surfactant for replacement therapy. Clin Physiol 1983; 3: 97–110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ike garni M, Adams F H, Towers B, Osher A B. The quantity of natural surfactant necessary to prevent the respiratory distress syndrome in premature lambs. Pediatr Res 1980; 14: 1082–1085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikegami M, Jobe A, Glatz T. Surface activity following natural surfactant treatment in premature lambs. J Appl Physiol 1981; 51: 306–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikegami M, Jobe A, Jacobs H, Jones S J. Sequential treatments of premature lambs with an artificial surfactant and natural surfactant. J Clin Invest 1981; 68: 491–496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe A, Ikegami M, Glatz T, Yoshida Y, Diakomanolis E, Padbury J. Duration and characteristics of treatment of premature lambs with natural surfactant. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 370–375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs H, Jobe A, Ikegami M, Glatz T, Jones S J, Barajas L. Premature lambs rescued from respiratory failure with natural surfactant: Clinical and biophysical correlations. Pediatr Res 1982; 16: 424–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan E A, Notter R H, Kwong M S, Shapiro D L. Natural and artificial surfactant replacement in premature lambs. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 875–883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe A, Ikegami M, Glatz T, Yoshida Y, Diakomanolis E, Padbury J. Saturated phosphatidylcholine secretion and the effect of natural surfactant on premature and term lambs ventilated for 2 days. Exp Lung Res 1983; 4: 259–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe A, Ikegami M, Jacobs H, Jones S, Conaway D. Permeability of premature lamb lungs to protein and the effect of surfactant on that permeability. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 169–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe A, Jacobs H, Ikegami M, Jones S. Cardiovascular effects of surfactant suspensions given by tracheal instillation to premature lambs. Pediatr Res 1983; 17: 444–448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe A, Ikegami M. The prematurely delivered lamb as a model for studies of neonatal adaptation. Animal Models in Fetal Medicine, PW. Nathanielsz. Perinatology Press, Ithaca, NY 1984; 1–30
   Google Scholar
• Cutz E, Enhorning G, Robertson B, Sherwood W G, Hill D E. Hyaline membrane disease. Effect of surfactant prophylaxis on lung morphology in premature primates. Am J Pathol 1978; 92: 581–594
   Google Scholar
• Enhörning G, Hill D, Sherwood G, Cutz E, Robertson B, Bryan C. Improved ventilation of prematurely-delivered primates following tracheal desposition of surfactant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 132: 529–536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidyasagar D, Maeta H, Raju T NK, John E, Bhat R, Go M, Dahiya U, Roberson Y, Yamin A, Narula A, Evans M. Bovine surfactant (Surfactant TA) therapy in immature baboons with hyaline membrane disease. Pediatrics 1985; 75: 1132–1142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurt H, Kattwinkel J, Roth S. Artificial surfactant treatment in lambs with severe respiratory distress syndrome. A controlled study. J Pediatr 1983; 102: 450–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durand D J, Clyman R I, Heymann M A, Clements J A, Mauray F, Kitterman J, Ballard P. Effects of a protein-free synthetic surfactant on survival and pulmonary function in preterm lambs. J Pediatr 1985; 107: 775–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe A, Ikegami M, Jacobs H, Jones S. Surfactant pool sizes and severity of RDS in prematurely delivered lambs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127: 751–755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe A, Jacobs H, Ikegami M, Berry D. Lung protein leaks in ventilated lambs: Effect of gestational age. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58: 1246–1251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikegami M, Jobe A, Jacobs H, Lam R. A protein from the airways of premature lambs that inhibits surfactant function. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57: 1134–1142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikegami M, Jacobs H, Jobe A. Surfactant function in respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 1983; 102: 443–447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikegami M, Jobe A, Berry D. A protein that inhibits surfactant in respiratory distress syndrome. Biol Neonate 1986; 50: 121–129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson B. Current and counter-current theories on lung surfactant. Scand J Respir Dis 1976; 57: 199–207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jobe A, Ikegami M, Jacobs H, Jones S. Surfactant and pulmonary blood flow distributions following treatment of premature lambs with natural surfactant. J Clin Invest 1984; 73: 848–856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clyman R I, Jobe A, Heymann M, Ikegami M, Roman C, Payne B, Mauray F. Increased shunt through the patent ductus arteriosus after surfactant replacement therapy. J Pediatr 1982; 100: 101–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs H C, Berry D D, Duane G, Ikegami M, Jobe A H, Jones S. Normalization of arterial blood gases after treatment of surfactant-deficient lambs with Tween 20. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 1313–1318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman G F, Bredenberg W R, Clark W R, West N R. Alveolar function following surfactant deactivation. J Appl Physiol 1981; 51: 895–904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachmann B, Robertson B, Vogel J. In vivo lung lavage as an experimental model of the respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1980; 24: 231–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataoka H, Takada Y, Kobayashi T, Murakami S, Kokubo M. Effects of surfactant supplementation following lung lavage on rabbits. J Jap Med Soc Biol Interface 1982; 13: 121–127
   Google Scholar
• Kokubo M, Yoshida T, Takada Y, Kataoka H, Kobayashi T, Murakami S. Trial preparations of artificial surfactant. Effect on lung lavaged rabbits. J Jap Med Soc Biol Interface 1983; 14: 59–66
   Google Scholar
• Takada Y, Kobayashi T, Kataoka H, Murakami S, Kokubo M, Yoshida T. Effects of surfactant supplement by high frequency jet ventilation in lung lavaged rabbits. J Jap Med Soc Biol Interface 1983; 14: 67–74
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Kataoka H, Ueda T, Murakami S, Takada Y, Kokubo M. Effects of surfactant supplementation and end-expiratory pressure in lung-lavaged rabbits. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57: 995–1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachmann B, Fujiwara T, Chida S, Morita T, Konishi M, Nakamura K, Maeta H. Surfactant replacement therapy in the experimental adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pulmonary Surfactant System, EV Cosmi, EM Scarpelli. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1983; 231–235
   Google Scholar
• Berggren P, Lachmann B, Curstedt T, Grossmann G, Robertson B. Gas exchange and lung morphology after surfactant replacement in experimental adult respiratory distress syndrome induced by repeated lung lavage. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1986; 30: 321–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taeusch H W, Keough K MW, Williams M, Slavin R, Steele E, See A S, Phelps D, Kariel N, Floros J, Avery M E. Characterization of bovine surfactant for infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1986; 77: 572–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry D, Ikegami M, Jobe A. Respiratory distress and surfactant inhibition following vagotomy in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 1741–1748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachmann B, Danzmann E. Adult respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary Surfactant, B Robertson, LMG Van Golde, JJ Batenburg. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1984; 505–548
   Google Scholar
• Stinson S F, Ryan D P, Hertweck M S, Hardy J D, Hwang-Kow S Y, Loosli C G. Epithelial and surfactant changes in influenza pulmonary lesions. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1976; 100: 147–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann K-C, Lachmann B, Noack K. Lung mechanics in orally immunized mice after aerolized exposure to influenza virus. Respiration 1984; 46: 218–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm B A, Notter R H, Siegle J, Matalon S. Pulmonary physiological and surfactant changes during injury and recovery from hyperoxia. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 1402–1409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachmann B, Bergmann K-C, Vogel J. Experimentelles Atemnotsyndrom nach Injektion von Anti-Lungen-Serum. I. Mitteilung: Atemmechanische, röntgenologische und blutgasanalytische Befunde. Padiatr Grenzgeb 1973; 12: 347–364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachmann B, Bergmann K-C, Winsel K, Eckert H, Wuthe H, Vogel J. Experimentelles Atemnotsyndrom nach Injektion von Anti-Lungen-Serum. II. Mitteilung: Morphologische, biochemische, physikochemische und immunologische Befunde. Pädiatr Grenzgeb 1973; 12: 403–414
   Google Scholar
• Lachmann B, Bergmann K-C, Winsel K, Müller E, Petro W, Schäfer C, Vogel J. Experimentelles Atemnotsyndrom nach Injektion von Anti-Lungen-Serum. III. Mitteilung: Atemmechanische, blutgasanalytische, physikochemische und biochemische Befunde im chronischen Versuch; Therapieversuche. Pädiatr Grenzgeb 1975; 14: 211–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachmann B, Hallman M, Bergmann K-C. Respiratory failure following anti-lung serum: Study on mechanisms associated with surfactant system damage. Exp Lung Res 1987; 12: 163–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Robertson B, Fujita Y, Grossmann G. Respiratory failure in mice caused by a hybridoma making antibodies to the 15 kDa surfactant apoprotein. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson B. Pathology and pathophysiology of neonatal surfactant deficiency (“respiratory distress syndrome,” “hyaline membrane disease”). Pulmonary Surfactant, B Robertson, LMG Van Golde, JJ Batenburg. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1983; 383–418
   Google Scholar
• Weibel E R. Practical Methods for Biological Morphometry. Stereological Methods, vol. 1. Academic Press, London 1979
   Google Scholar
• Gibbard D W, Smith D J, Wells A. Area sizing and pattern recognition on the Quantimet 720. Microscope 1972; 20: 37–50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigaut J P, Berggren P, Robertson B. Automated techniques for the study of lung alveolar stereological parameters with the IBAS image analyser on optical microscopy sections. J Microsc 1983; 130: 53–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigaut J P, Robertson B. Quantitative evaluation of neonatal lung expansion with automated image analysis. Pediatr Pathol 1986; 6: 11–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson B, Rigaut J P. Stereological profiles of immature neonatal lungs treated with exogenous surfactants. J Jap Med Soc Biol Interface 1986; 17: 181–183
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson R, Grossmann G, Robertson B. Lung surfactant and the pathogenesis of neonatal bronchiolar lesions induced by artificial ventilation. Pediatr Res 1978; 12: 249–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson R, Grossmann G, Robertson B. Pathogenesis of neonatal lung lesions induced by artificial ventilation; evidence against the role of barotrauma. Respiration 1980; 40: 218–225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossmann G, Nilsson R, Robertson B. Scanning electron microscopy of epithelial lesions induced by artificial ventilation of the immature neonatal lung; the prophylactic effect of surfactant replacement. Eur J Pediatr 1986; 145: 361–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara T, Tanaka Y, Takei T. Surface properties of artificial surfactant in comparision with natural and synthetic surfactant lipids. ERCS (Int Res Commun Syst) Med Sci 1979; 7: 311
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Takei T, Kanazawa Y, Kiuchi A, Fujiwara T. Reconstitution of lung surfactant by adjusting chemical composition. J Jap Med Soc Biol Interface 1982; 13: 103–110
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Takei T, Masuda K. Lung surfactants. III. Correlations among activities. in vitro, in situ and in vivo, and chemical composition. Chem Pharm Bull, Tokyo 1983; 31: 4110–4115
   Google Scholar
• Ikegami M, Agata Y, Elkady T, Hallman M, Berry D, Jobe A. A comparison of four surfactants: In vitro surface properties and responses of preterm lambs to treatment at birth. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 38–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notter R H, Penney D P, Finkelstein J N, Shapiro D L. Adsorption of natural lung surfactant and phospholipid extracts related to tubular myelin formation. Pediatr Res 1986; 20: 97–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Nakai E, Ohkawa K. Experimental studies on the pulmonary surfactant. Reconstitution of surface-active material. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 53–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi A, Fujiwara T. Proteolipid of bovine lung surfactant: Its role in surfactant function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 135: 527–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitsett J A, Ohning B L, Ross G, Meuth J, Weaver T, Holm B A, Shapiro D L, Notter R H. Hydrophobic surfactant-associated protein in whole lung surfactant and its importance for biophysical activity in lung surfactant extracts used for replacement therapy. Pediatr Res 1986; 20: 460–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu S-H, Possmayer F. Reconstitution of surfactant activity by using the 6 kDa apoprotein associated with pulmonary surfactant. Biochem 1986; J 236: 85–89
   Google Scholar
• Ikegami M, Berry D, ElKady T, Pettenazzo A, Seidner S, Jobe A. Corticosteroids and surfactant change lung function and protein leaks in the lungs of ventilated premature rabbits. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1371–1378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notter R H, Egan E A, Kwong M S, Holm B A, Shapiro D L. Lung surfactant replacement in premature lambs with extracted lipids from bovine lung lavage: Effects of dose, dispersion technique, and gestational age. Pediatr Res 1985; 19: 569–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar