Tactile Assessment in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Clinimetric Review

REFERENCES

• Ayres, J. (1972). Southern California sensory integration test. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Service.
   Google Scholar
• Ayres, J. (1989). Sensory integration and praxis test. Torrence, CA: Sensory Integration International.
   Google Scholar
• Bell-Krotoski, J., Ewing Fess, E., Figarola, J., & Hiltz, D. (1995). Threshold detection and Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments. Journal of Hand Therapy, 5, 155–162.
   Google Scholar
• Bell-Krotoski, J., & Tomancik, E. (1987). The repeatability of testing with the Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments. Journal of Hand Surgery –American Volume, 12, 155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleyenheuft, Y., Wilmotte, P., & Thonnard, J. (2010). Relationship between tactile spatial resolution and digital dexterity during childhood. Somatosensory and Motor Research, 27(1), 9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolanos, A., Bleck, E., Firestone, P., & Young, L. (1989). Comparison of stereognosis and two-point discrimination testing of the hands of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 31, 371–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T., & Gaboury, I. (2006). The measurement properties and factor structure of the test of visual-perceptual skills—revised: Implications for occupational therapy assessment and practice. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60(2), 182–193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bueti, D., Costantini, M., Forster, B., & Aglioti, S. (2004). Uni- and Cross-modal temporal modulation of tactile extinction in right brain damaged patients. Neuropsychologia, 422, 1689–1696.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, Y. (1992). NSMDA physiotherapy assessment for infants and young children. Brisbane, Australia: CopyRight.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, Y., Ensby, R., & Norrie, M. (1989a). The neuro-sensory motor developmental assessment part 1: Development and administration of the test. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 35(3), 141–149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns, Y., Ensby, R., & Norrie, M. (1989b). The neuro-sensory motor developmental assessment part 2: Predictive and concurrent validity. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 35(3), 151–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns, Y., Ensby, R., & Norrie, M. (1989c). The neurosensory motor developmental assessment. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 35, 141–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlson, M., & Brooks, C. (2009). The effect of altered hand position and motor skills on stereognosis. Journal of Hand Surgery Am, 34(5), 896–899.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cermak, S. (2006). Perceptual functions of the hand. In A. Henderson & C. Pehoski (Eds.), Hand function in the child foundations for remediation (pp. 62–88). Missouri: Mosby Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Cermak, S., & Murray, E. (1991). The validity of the constructional subtests of the sensory integration and praxis tests. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(6), 539–543.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cieza, A., Geyh, S., Chatterji, S., Kostanjsek, N., Ustun, B., & Stucki, G. (2005). ICF linking rules: An update based on lessons learned. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 37, 212–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, K. (2004). The behavioural responses of children with cerebral palsy to tactile stimuli. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, J., Majnemer, A., Rosenblatt, B., & Birnbaum, R. (1993). A standardized sensory assessment for children of school-age. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 13(1), 61–80.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, J., Majnemer, A., Rosenblatt, B., & Birnbaum, R. (1995). The determination of sensory deficits in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Neurology, 10, 300–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantini, M., Bueti, D., Pazzaglia, M., & Aglioti, S. M. (2007). Temporal dynamics of visuo-tactile extinction within and between hemispaces. Neuropsychology, 21(2), 242–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cronin, V. (1977). Active and passive touch of four age levels. Developmental Psychology, 13, 253–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon, A. (1978). The moving two-point discrimination test: Clinical evaluation of the quickly adapting fiber/receptor system. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 3(5), 474–481.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dellon, A., & Kallman, C. (1983). Evaluation of functional sensation in the hand. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 8(6), 865–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon, A., MacKinnon, S., & Crosby, P. (1987). Reliability of two-point discrimination measurements. Journal of Hand Surgery, 12, 693–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, W. (1997). The impact of sensory processing abilities on the daily lives of young children and their families: A conceptual model. Infants and Young Children, 9(4), 23–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskes, G., Klein, R., Dove, M., Coolican, J., & Shore, D. (2007). Comparing temporal order judgments and choice reaction time tasks as indices of exogenous spatial cuing. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 166, 259–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzaniga, M., & Heatherton, T. (2006). Psychological science. New York: W.W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Gendler, T., & Hawthorne, J. (2006). Perceptual experience. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldner, J., & Ferlic, D. (1966). Sensory status of the hand as related to reconstructive surgery of the upper extremity in cerebral palsy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 46, 87–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein, B. (2007). Sensation and perception (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Guzzetta, A., Bonanni, P., Biagi, L., Tosetti, M., Montanaro, D., Guerrini, R., (2007). Reorganisation of the somatosensory system after early brain damage. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118, 1110–1121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hohman, L., Baker, L., & Reed, R. (1958). Sensory disturbances in children with infantile hemiplegia, triplegia and quadriplegia. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 37, 1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jerosch-Herold, C. (2003). A study of the relative responsiveness of five sensibility tests for assessment of recovery after median nerve injury and repair. Journal of Hand Surgery, 28B(3), 255–260.
   Google Scholar
• Jerosch-Herold, C. (2005). Assessment of sensibility after nerve injury and repair: A systematic review of evidence for validity, reliability and responsiveness of tests. Journal of Hand Surgery (British and European volume), 30B(3), 252–264.
   Google Scholar
• Kandel, E., Schwartz, J., & Jessell, T. (2000). Principles of neural science (4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, S., Sollereder, P., & Gierl, M. (2002). Examining the factor structure and psychometric properties of the test of visual-perceptual skills. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research: Occupation, Participation Health, 22, 16–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, P. (1986). A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design. New York: Methren.
   Google Scholar
• Klingels, K., De Cock, P., Molenaers, G., Desloovere, K., Huenaerts, C., Jaspers, E., (2010). Upper limb motor and sensory impairments in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Can they be measured reliably? Disability and Rehabilitation, 32(5), 409–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppitz, E. (1970). Brain damage, reading disability and the Bender Gestalt test. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 3(429–433), 429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumlinde-Sundholm, L., & Eliasson, A. C. (2002). Comparing tests of tactile sensibility: Aspects relevant to testing children with spastic hemiplegia. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 44(9), 604–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., Fernando, D., Veves, A., Knowles, E., Young, M., & Boulton, A. (1991). Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments: A simple, effective and inexpensive screening device for identifying diabetic patients at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 13, 63–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, J., Fisher, A., Magalhaes, L., & Bundy, A. (1996). Construct validity of the sensory integration and Praxis test. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 16(2), 75–97.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, J., & Koch, G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement of categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, M. (2004). Outcome measures rating form. Ontario, Canada: CanChild Centre for Disability Research.
   Google Scholar
• Lesny, I., Stehlik, A., Tomasek, J., Tomankova, A., & Haavlicek, I. (1993). Sensory disorders in cerebral palsy: Two-point discrimination. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 35, 402–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, J., & Burns, Y. (2005). Performance on the NSMDA during the first and second year of life to predict functional ability at the age of 4 in children with cerebral palsy. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal, 23, 40–45.
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, S., & Dellon, A. (1985). Two-point discrimination tester. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 10A(6, Pt 1), 906–907.
   Google Scholar
• Marx, R., Hudak, P., Bombardier, C., Graham, B., Goldsmith, C., & Wright, J. (1998). The reliability of physical examination for carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery (British and European Volume), 23B(4), 499–502.
   Google Scholar
• Mayfield, J., & Segarman, J. (2000). The use of the Semmes–Weinstein monofilament and other threshold tests for preventing foot ulceration and amputation in persons with diabetes. The Journal of Family Practice, 49(11), S17–S29.
   Google Scholar
• McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (2005). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Menier, C., Forget, R., & Lambert, J. (1996). Evaluation of two-point discrimination in children: Reliability, effects of passive displacement and voluntary movement. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38, 523–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, K., Wheat, H., Phillips, B., Goodwin, A., & Galea, M. (2007). Test-retest reliability and clinical utility of the AsTex for the assessment of hand sensation following stroke. Paper presented at the National Neurology Special Group Conference, Cairns, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Moberg, E. (1990). Two-point discrimination test. A valuable part of hand surgical rehabilitation, e.g., in tetraplegia. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 22, 127–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moberg, E. (1991). The unsolved problem –How to test the functional value of hand sensibility. Journal of Hand Therapy, 4, 105–110.
   Google Scholar
• Mokkink, L., Terwee, C., Patrick, D., Alonso, J., Stratford, P., Knol, D., et al. (2009). COSMIN checklist manual. Amsterdam, Netherlands: VU University Medical Center.
   Google Scholar
• Munro, B. (1997). Statistical methods for healthcare research. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven.
   Google Scholar
• Novak, C., MacKinnon, S., & Kelly, L. (1993). Correlation of two-point discrimination and hand function following median nerve injury. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 31, 495–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak, C., MacKinnon, S., Williams, I., & Kelly, L. (1993). Establishment of reliability in the evaluation of hand sensibility. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 99(2), 311–321.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, B., & Jerosch-Herold, C. (2000). Comparing the responsiveness over time of two tactile gnosis tests: Two point discrimination and STI test. British Journal of Hand Therapy, 5, 251–257.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, B., & Lundborg, G. (2000). A model instrument for the documentation of outcome after nerve repair. Journal of Hand Surgery, 25A, 535–543.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rozental, T. D., Beredjiklian, P. K., Guyette, T. M., & Weiland, A. J. (2000). Intra- and inter-observer reliability of sensibility testing in asymptomatic individuals. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 44(6), 605–609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russo, R., Miller, M., Haan, E., Cameron, I., & Crotty, M. (2008). Pain characteristics and their association with quality of life and self-concept in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy identified from a population register. Clinical Journal of Pain, 24(4), 335–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakzewski, L., Ziviani, J., & Boyd, R. (2010). The relationship between unimanual capacity and bimanual performance in children with congenital hemiplegia. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 52(9), 811–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanger, T. D., & Kukke, S. N. (2007). Abnormalities of tactile sensory function in children with dystonic and diplegic cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Neurology, 22(3), 289–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A., Walker, M., & Myers, G. (1988). Hemispherectomy and diaschisis: Rapid improvement in cerebral functions after right hemispherectomy in a six-year-old child. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3(1), 1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spittle, A., Doyle, L., & Boyd, R. (2008). A systematic review of the clinimetric properties of neuromotor assessments for preterm infants during the first year of life. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 50, 254–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachdjian, M., & Minear, W. (1958). Sensory disturbances in the hands of children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 40, 85–90.
   Google Scholar
• Taub, E., Ramey, S., DeLuca, S., & Echols, K. (2004). Efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy for children with cerebral palsy with asymmetric motor impairment. Pediatrics, 113, 305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibault, A., Forget, R., & Lambert, J. (1994). Evaluation of cutaneous and proprioceptive sensation in children: A reliability study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36, 796–812.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valk, G., De Sonnaville, J., Houtum, W., Heine, R., Van Eijk, J., Bouter, L., (1997). The assessment of diabetic polyneuropathy in daily clinical practice: Reproducibility and validity of Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments examination and clinical neurological assessment. Muscle and Nerve, 20, 116–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Heest, A. E., House, J., & Putnam, M. (1993). Sensibility deficiencies in the hands of children with spastic hemiplegia. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 18(2), 278–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidenbacker, R. (1962). Sensory discrimination of children with cerebral palsy. American Psychologist, 17(6), 319–319.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein, S. (1993). Fifty years of somatosensory research: From the Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments to the Weinstein enhanced sensory test. Journal of Hand Therapy, 6(1), 11–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, G., & Anzalone, M. (2001). Sensory integration and self-regulation in infants and toddlers. Washington, DC: National Center for Infants, Toddlers and Families.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, B., & Wilson, J. (1967). Sensory and perceptual function in the cerebral palsied: 1. Pressure thresholds and two-point discrimination. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 145(1), 53–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilton, J. (2003). Casting, splinting, and physical and occupational therapy of hand deformity and dysfunction in cerebral palsy. Hand Clinics, 19(4), 573–584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wingert, J., Burford, H., Sinclair, R., Brunstrom, J., & Damiano, D. (2008). Tactile sensory abilities in cerebral palsy: Deficits in roughness and object discrimination. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 50, 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yekutiel, M., Jariwala, M., & Stretch, P. (1994). Sensory deficits in the hands of children with cerebral palsy: A new look at assessment and prevalence. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36, 619–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar