Injury profiles, demography and representativeness of patients with TBI attending a regional emergency department

References

• Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. The Lancet Neurology 2008;7:728–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghajar J. Traumatic brain injury. Lancet 2000;356:923–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roozenbeek B, Maas AI, Menon DK. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nature Reviews Neurology 2013;9:231–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta JA, Yang JC, Winchell RJ, Simons RK, Fortlage DA, Hollingsworth-Fridlund P, Hoyt DB. Lethal injuries and time to death in a level I trauma center. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 1998;186:528–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett B. Epidemiology of head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1996;60:362–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagliaferri F, Compagnone C, Korsic M, Servadei F, Kraus J. A systematic review of brain injury epidemiology in europe. Acta Neurochirurgica 2006;148:255, 268; discussion 268.
   Google Scholar
• Koskinen S, Alaranta H. Traumatic brain injury in finland 1991-2005: a nationwide register study of hospitalized and fatal TBI. Brain Injury 2008;22:205–214.
   Google Scholar
• Korhonen N, Niemi S, Parkkari J, Sievanen H, Kannus P. Incidence of fall-related traumatic brain injuries among older finnish adults between 1970 and 2011. Journal of the American Medical Association 2013;309:1891–1892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krug EG, Sharma GK, Lozano R. The global burden of injuries. American Journal of Public Health 2000;90:523–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global burden of disease study. Lancet 1997;349:1436–1442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P, Gururaj G, Kobusingye OC. The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. NeuroRehabilitation 2007;22:341–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974;2:81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternbach GL. The glasgow coma scale. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2000;19:67–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson EH, Bjorklund R, Emanuelson I, Stalhammar D. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a population based study in western sweden. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2003;107:256–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundstrom T, Sollid S, Wentzel-Larsen T, Wester K. Head injury mortality in the nordic countries. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007;24:147–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry-Jones BL, Vaughan FL, Miles Cox W. Traumatic brain injury and substance misuse: a systematic review of prevalence and outcomes research (1994-2004). Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2006;16:537–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaaramo K, Puljula J, Tetri S, Juvela S, Hillbom M. Head trauma sustained under the influence of alcohol is a predictor for future traumatic brain injury: a long-term follow-up study. European Journal of Neurology: The Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies 2014;21:293–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundhaug NP, Moen KG, Skandsen T, Schirmer-Mikalsen K, Lund SB, Hara S, Vik A. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: effect of blood alcohol concentration on glasgow coma scale score and relation to computed tomography findings. Journal of Neurosurgery 2015;122:211–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoto TM, Tenovuo O, Kataja A, Brander A, Ohman J, Iverson GL. Who gets recruited in mild traumatic brain injury research? Journal of Neurotrauma 2013;30:11–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh S, Feinstein A. Outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: an examination of recruitment bias. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2003;74:39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slieker FJ, Kompanje EJ, Murray GD, Ohman J, Stocchetti N, Teasdale SG, Maas AI, SAPHIR and Pharmos TBI Investigators. Importance of screening logs in clinical trials for severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery 2008; 62:1321, 1328; discussion 1328–1329.
   Google Scholar
• Isokuortti H, Iverson GL, Kataja A, Brander A, Ohman J, Luoto TM. Who gets head trauma or recruited in mild traumatic brain injury research? Journal of Neurotrauma 2016;33:232–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brain Trauma Foundation. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. 3rd ed. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007;24(suppl. 1) :1–106.
   Google Scholar
• Kay T, Harrington D, Adams R, Andersen T, Berrol S, Cicerone K. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1993;8:86–87.
   Google Scholar
• Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, Coronado VG. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: Emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002-2006. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010. p 2–70.
   Google Scholar
• Stocchetti N, Paterno R, Citerio G, Beretta L, Colombo A. Traumatic brain injury in an aging population. Journal of Neurotrauma 2012;29:1119–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickels E, von Wild K, Wenzlaff P. Head injury in germany: a population-based prospective study on epidemiology, causes, treatment and outcome of all degrees of head-injury severity in two distinct areas. Brain Injury 2010;24:1491–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2006;21:375–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin VL, Theadom A, Barker-Collo S, Starkey NJ, McPherson K, Kahan M, Dowell A, Brown P, Parag V, Kydd R, Jones K, Jones A, Ameratunga S, BIONIC Study Group. Incidence of traumatic brain injury in New Zealand: a population-based study. The Lancet Neurology 2013;12:53–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Hu J, Zhuo L, Fu C, Hui G, Wang Y, Yang W, Teng L, Lu S, Xu G. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in eastern China, 2004: a prospective large case study. The Journal of Trauma 2008;64:1313–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg J, Tagliaferri F, Servadei F. Cost of trauma in europe. European Journal of Neurology: The Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies 2005;12(Suppl 1):85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hukkelhoven CW, Steyerberg EW, Farace E, Habbema JD, Marshall LF, Maas AI. Regional differences in patient characteristics, case management, and outcomes in traumatic brain injury: experience from the tirilazad trials. Journal of Neurosurgery 2002;97:549–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redelmeier DA, Tibshirani RJ, Evans L. Traffic-law enforcement and risk of death from motor-vehicle crashes: case-crossover study. Lancet 2003;361:2177–2182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters W, van den Brande R, Polinder S, Brazinova A, Steyerberg EW, Lingsma HF, Maas AI. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe. Acta Neurochirurgica 2015;157:1683–1696.
   Google Scholar