The relationship between articulatory control and improved phonemic accuracy in childhood apraxia of speech: A longitudinal case study

References

• Allen, G. I., & Tsukahara, N. (1974). Cerebrocerebellar communication systems. Physiology Review, 54, 957–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Speech-Language Hearing Association (2007). Childhood Apraxia of Speech [Technical Report]. http://www.asha.org/policy [May2009].
   Google Scholar
• Betz, S. K., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2005). Measuring articulatory error consistency in children with developmental apraxia of speech. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 19, 53–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, D.V. M. (2002). Motor immaturity and specific speech and language impairment: evidence for a common genetic basis. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114: 56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, D.V. M., & Edmundson, A. (1987). Specific language impairment as a maturational lag: evidence from longitudinal data on language and motor development. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 29, 442–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, A., & Dodd, B. (1994). The motor planning abilities of phonologically disordered children. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 29, 349–369.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks, V. B. (1986). The Neural Basis of Motor Control. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corriveau, K. H., & Gosswami, U. (2009). Rhythmic motor entrainment in children with speech and language impairments: tapping to the beat. Cortex, 45, 119–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crary, M. A. (1984). A neurolinguistic perspective on developmental verbal dyspraxia. Journal of Communication Disorders, 9, 33–49.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, B., Jakielski, K., & Marquardt, T. (1998). Developmental apraxia of speech: determiners of differential diagnosis. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 12, 25–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey, D., Roy, E. A., Square-Storer, P. A., & Hayden, D. (1988). Limb and oral praxic abilities of children with verbal sequencing deficits. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 30, 743–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd, B. (1995). Procedures for classification of subgroups of speech disorder. In B. Dodd ( Ed.), The differential diagnosis and treatment of children with speech disorder (pp. 49–64). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Dodd, B., & McCormack, P. (1995). A model of speech processing of phonological disorders. In B. Dodd ( Ed.), The differential diagnosis and treatment of children with speech disorder (pp. 65–89). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Dreher, J., & Grafman, J. (2002). The roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in timing and error prediction. European Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 1609–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles, J. C. (1977). The Understanding of the Brain. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Evarts, E. V., & Wise, S. P. (1984). Basal ganglia outputs and motor control. In D. Evered & M. O’Conner ( Eds.), Ciba Foundation Symposium 107: Functions of the Basal Ganglia (pp. 83–102). London: Pitman Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferry, P., Hall, S., & Hicks, J. (1975). Dilapidated speech: developmental verbal dyspraxia. Developmental Medicine Child Neurology, 17, 749–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, K. (2003). Diagnostic criteria of developmental apraxia of speech used by clinical speech-language pathologists. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12, 376–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, L., & Smith, A. (1999). Development and phonetic differentiation of speech movement patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 649–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, R., & Fristoe, M. (2000). Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-2. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Gracco, V. L. (1994). Some organizational characteristics of speech movement control. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 4–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, J. R., Moore, C. A., Higashikawa, M., & Steeve, R. W. (2000). The physiologic development of speech motor control: lip and jaw coordination. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 43, 239–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, J. R., Moore, C. A., & Reilly, K. J. (2002). The sequential development of jaw and lip control for speech. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45, 66–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigos, M. I. (2009). Changes in articulator movement variability during phonemic development: a longitudinal study. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 52, 164–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigos, M. I., Saxman, J. H., & Gordon, A. M. (2005). Speech motor development during acquisition of the voicing contrast. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 48, 739–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunwell, P., & Yavas, J. (1988). Phonotactic restrictions in disordered child phonology: a case study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 2, 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, P. K., Jordan, L. S., & Robin, D. A. (1993). Developmental apraxia of speech. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
   Google Scholar
• Hayden, D. A., & Square, P. A. (1999). VMPAC: Verbal Motor Production Assessment for Children. San Antonio: Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, E. L. (2001). Non-specific nature of specific language impairment: a review of the literature with regard to concomitant motor impairments. International Journal of Language and Communications Disorders, 36, 149–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hresko, W., Reid, D., & Hammill, D. (2007). Test of Early Language Development. Austin, TX: Pearson Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Ingram, D. (2002).The measurement of whole-word productions. Journal of Child Language, 29, 713–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, L.M. L., & Lewis, N. O. (2002). Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis. 2nd ed. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
   Google Scholar
• MacNeilage, P. F., & Davis, B. L. (1993). Acquisition of speech production: frames then content. In M. Jeannerod ( Ed.), Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control (pp. 453–475). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• MacNeilage, P. F., & Davis, B. L. (2000). On the origin of internal structure of word forms. Science, 288, 527–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquardt, T. P., Jacks, A., & Davis, B. L. (2004). Token-to-token variability in developmental apraxia of speech: three longitudinal CAS studies. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 18, 127–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden, C. D. (1980). The enigma of the basal ganglia and movement. Trends in Neuroscience, 3, 284–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden, C. D. (1984). Which motor disorder in Parkinson’s disease indicates the true motor function of the basal ganglia? In D. Evered & M. O’Conner ( Eds.), Ciba Foundation Symposium 107: Functions of the Basal Ganglia (pp. 225–241). London: Pitman Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matlab (2007). Version 7.2. [Computer software]. Natick, MA: Mathworks.
   Google Scholar
• McCall, R. B. (1994). Fundamental Statistics for Behavioral Sciences. 6th Ed. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Miall, R. C., Weir, D. J., & Stein, J. F. (1987). Visuo-motor tracking during reversible inactivation of the cerebellum. Experimental Brain Research, 65, 455–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley, M. E. (1957). The Development and Disorders of Speech in Childhood (Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins).
   Google Scholar
• Nijland, L., Maassen, B., & van der Meulen, S. (2003a). Evidence of motor programming deficits in children diagnosed with CAS. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 46, 437–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijland, L., Maassen, B., van der Meulen, S., Gabreels, F, Kraaimaat, F. W., & Schreuder, R. (2002). Coarticulation patterns in children with developmental apraxia of speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 16, 461–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijland, L., Maassen, B., van der Meulen, S., Gabreels, F., Kraaimaat, F. W., & Schreuder, R. (2003b). Planning of syllables in children with developmental apraxia of speech. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 17, 1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odell, K. H., & Shriberg, L. D. (2001) Prosody-voice characteristics of children and adults with apraxia of speech. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 15, 275–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, G. E., & Lehiste, I. (1960). Duration of syllable nuclei in English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32, 693–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preis, S., Schittler, P., and Lenard, H. G. (1997). Motor performance and handedness in children with developmental language disorder. Neuropediatrics, 18, 324–327.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbeck, J. C., & Wertz, R. T. (1972). A review of 50 cases of developmental apraxia of speech. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 3, 23–33.
   Google Scholar
• Sakai, K., Ramnani, N., & Passingham, R. E. (2002). Learning of sequences of finger movements and timing: frontal lobe and action-oriented representation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88, 2035–2046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, R. F. (1978). Motor systems. In R. F. Schmidt ( Ed.), Fundamentals of Neurophysiology (pp. 155–200). New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Sharkey, S. G., & Folkins, J. W. (1985). Variability of lip and jaw movements in children and adults: implications for the development of speech motor control. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 28, 8–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shriberg, L. D., Aram, D. M., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1997a). Developmental apraxia of speech:I. Descriptive perspectives. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 40, 273–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shriberg, L. D., Aram, D. M., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1997b). Developmental apraxia of speech: II. Toward a diagnostic marker. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 40, 286–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shriberg, L. D., Aram, D. M., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1997c). Developmental apraxia of speech: III. A subtype marked by inappropriate stress. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 40, 313–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shriberg, L. D., Campbell, T. F., Karlsson, R. L., Brown, McSweeney, J. L., & Nadler, C. J. (2003a). A diagnostic marker for childhood apraxia of speech: the lexical stress ratio. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 17, 549–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A., & Goffman, L. (1998). Stability and patterning of speech movement sequences in children and adults. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 41, 18–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A., Goffman, L., & Stark, R. E. (1995a). Speech motor development. Seminars in Speech and Language, 16, 87–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, A., Goffman, L., Zelaznik, H., Ying, S., & McGillem, C. (1995b). Spatiotemporal stability and patterning of speech movement sequences. Experimental Brain Research, 104, 493–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A., Johnson, M., McGillem, C., & Goffman, L. (2000). On the assessment of stability and patterning of speech movements. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, 277–286.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B. L., & Gartenberg, T. E. (1984). Initial observations concerning developmental characteristics of labio-mandibular kinematics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 75, 1599–1605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. L., & McLean-Muse, A. (1986). Articulatory movement characteristics of labial consonant productions by children and adults. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 80, 1321–1328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D. A., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1984). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Minnesota: American Guidance Service, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Thoonen, G., Maasen, B., Gabreels, F., Schreuder, R., & de Swart, B. (1997). Towards a standardised assessment procedure for developmental apraxia of speech. European Journal of Disordered Communication, 32, 37–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyler, A., Lewis, K., & Welch, C. (2003). Predictors of phonological change following intervention. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 12, 289–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Merwe, A. (2009). A theoretical framework for the characterization of pathological speech sensorimotor control. In M. R. McNeil ( Ed.), Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders, 2nd Ed. (pp. 1–25). New York: Thieme Medical.
   Google Scholar
• Velleman, S. L., & Strand, K. (1994). Developmental verbal dyspraxia. In J. E. Bernthal, & N. W. Bankson ( Eds.), Child phonology: Characteristics, assessment and intervention with special populations (pp. 110–139). New York: Thieme Medical.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, B., & Smith, A. (2002). Articulatory movements in adolescents: evidence for protracted development of speech motor control processes. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45, 1119–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkin, K. L., & Fromm, D. (1984). Labial coordination in children: preliminary considerations. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 75, 629–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, R., Ingham, R. J., & Rosenthal, J. (1981). A further analysis for developmental apraxia of speech in children with defective articulation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 24, 496–505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar