REFERENCES
- Cunha-Vaz JG. The blood-retinal barriers. Doc Ophthalmol 1976;41:287–327.
- Atluri H, Anand BS, Patel J, et al. Mechanism of a model dipeptide transport across blood-ocular barriers following systemic administration. Exp Eye Res 2004;78:815–822.
- Steffansen B, Nielsen CU, Brodin B, et al. Intestinal solute carriers: an overview of trends and strategies for improving oral drug absorption. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004;21:3–16.
- Hosoya K, Tachikawa M. Inner blood-retinal barrier transporters: role of retinal drug delivery. Pharm Res 2009;26:2055–2065.
- Engler CB, Sander B, Larsen M, et al. Probenecid inhibition of the outward transport of fluorescein across the human blood-retina barrier. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1994;72:663–667.
- Barza M, Kane A, Baum J. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal carbenicillin, cefazolin, and gentamicin in rhesus monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983;24:1602–1606.
- Hosoya K, Makihara A, Tsujikawa Y, et al. Roles of inner blood-retinal barrier organic anion transporter 3 in the vitreous/retina-to-blood efflux transport of p-aminohippuric acid, benzylpenicillin, and 6-mercaptopurine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009;329:87–93.
- Zhang N, Kannan R, Okamoto CT, et al. Characterization of brimonidine transport in retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:287–294.
- Han YH, Sweet DH, Hu DN, et al. Characterization of a novel cationic drug transporter in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;296:450–457.
- Rajan PD, Kekuda R, Chancy CD, et al. Expression of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter in RPE and neural retina. Curr Eye Res 2000;20:195–204.
- Mannermaa E, Vellonen KS, Urtti A. Drug transport in corneal epithelium and blood-retina barrier: emerging role of transporters in ocular pharmacokinetics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006;58:1136–1163.
- Zhang T, Xiang CD, Gale D, et al. Drug transporter and cytochrome P450 mRNA expression in human ocular barriers: implications for ocular drug disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2008;36:1300–1307.
- Ohtomo T, Saito H, Inotsume N, et al. Transport of levofloxacin in a kidney epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1: interaction with organic cation transporters in apical and basolateral membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996;276:1143–1148.
- Ganapathy ME, Huang W, Rajan DP et al. beta-lactam antibiotics as substrates for OCTN2, an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Biol Chem 2000;275:1699–1707.
- Velpandian T. Intraocular penetration of antimicrobial agents in ophthalmic infections and drug delivery strategies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009;6:255–270.
- Ueda H, Horibe Y, Kim KJ, et al. Functional characterization of organic cation drug transport in the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:870–876.
- Koepsell H, Lips K, Volk C. Polyspecific organic cation transporters: structure, function, physiological roles, and biopharmaceutical implications. Pharm Res 2007;24:1227–1251.
- Nirmal J, Velpandian T, Biswas NR, et al. Evaluation of the relevance of OCT blockade on the transcorneal kinetics of topically applied substrates using rabbits. AAPS J 2010;12:S12.
- Abel R Jr, Boyle GL. Dissecting ocular tissue for intraocular drug studies. Invest Ophthalmol 1976;15:216–219.
- Nirmal J, Velpandian T, Singh SB et al. Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for organic cation transporter (OCT) substrate tetraethylammonium (TEA) in rabbits. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011;879:585–590.
- Daily MJ, Peyman GA, Fishman G. Intravitreal injection of methicillin for treatment of endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1973;76:343–350.
- Jay WM, Shockley RK. Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of cefepime (BMY-28142) following intravitreal injection in pigmented rabbit eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol 1988;4:345–349.
- Senthilkumari S, Velpandian T, Biswas NR, et al. Evaluation of the modulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the intraocular disposition of its substrate in rabbits. Curr Eye Res 2008;33:333–343.
- Lee VH. Membrane transporters. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000;11 Suppl 2:S41–S50.
- Gupta SK, Velpandian T, Dhingra N, et al. Intravitreal pharmacokinetics of plain and liposome-entrapped fluconazole in rabbit eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2000;16:511–518.
- Senthilkumari S, Velpandian T, Biswas NR, et al. Evidencing the modulation of P-glycoprotein at blood-ocular barriers using gamma scintigraphy. Curr Eye Res 2009;34:73–77.
- Maurice DM, Mishima S. Ocular pharmacokinetics. In: Sears ML (ed). Pharmacology of the Eye: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1984:19–116.
- Barza M. Antibacterial agents in the treatment of ocular infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1989;3:533–551.
- Sokol PP, Huiatt KR, Holohan PD, et al. Gentamicin and verapamil compete for a common transport mechanism in renal brush border membrane vesicles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989;251:937–942.