References
- Green H., Solomon S. A. Hexokinase in rabbit lens. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1959; 61: 616–621
- Van Heyningen R. The sorbitol pathway in the lens. Exp. Eye Res. 1962; 1: 396–404
- Chylack L. T., Jr, Friend J. Intermediary metabolism of the lens: a historical perspective. Exp. Eye Res. 1990; 50: 575–582
- Kletzky D. L., Tung W. H., Chylack L. T., Jr. The protective effect of glucose on soluble rat lens hexokinase in the presence of oxidative stress. Curr. Eye Res. 1986; 5: 433–439
- Kinoshita J. H., Merola L. O., Dikmak E. Osmotic changes in experimental galactose cataracts. Exp. Eye Res. 1962; 1: 405–410
- Varma S. D., Kinoshita J. H. Sorbitol pathway in diabetic rat lens and galactosemic rat lens. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1974; 338: 632–640
- Garadi R., Lou M. F. Aldose reductase in early streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1989; 30: 2370–2375
- Jedziniack J. A., Chylack L. T., Jr, Cheng H. M., Gillis M. K., Kabastian A. A., Tung W. H. The sorbitol pathway in the human lens: aldose reductase and polyol dehydrogenase. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1981; 20: 314–326
- Jedziniack J. A., Yates E. M., Kinoshita J. H. Lens polyol dehydrogenase. Exp. Eye Res. 1973; 16: 95–104
- Gaynes B. I., Watkins J. B. Comparison of glucose, sorbitol and fructose accumulation in lens and liver of diabetic and insulin‐treated rats and mice. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1989; 92: 685–690
- Cheng H. M., Chylack L. T., Jr, von Saltza I. Supplementing glucose metabolism in human senile cataracts. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1981; 21: 812–818
- Cheng H. M., Hirose K., Xiong H., Gonzalez R. G. Polyol pathway activity in streptozotocin‐diabetic rat lens. Exp. Eye Res. 1989; 49: 87–92
- Carper D., Nishimura C., Shinohara T., Dietzchold B., Wistow G., Craft C., Kador P., Kinoshita J. J. Aldose reductase and β-crystallin belong to the same protein superfamily as aldehyde reductase. FEBS Lett. 1987; 230: 209–213
- Bekhor I., Shi S., Carper D., Nishimura C., Unakar N. J. Relative abundance of aldose reductase mRNA in rat lens undergoing development of osmotic cataracts. Curr. Eye Res. 1989; 8: 1299–1308
- Karlsson C., Jornvall H., Hoog J. ‐O. Sorbitol dehydrogenase: cDNA coding for the rat enzyme. Eur. J. Biochem. 1991; 198: 761–765
- Schwab D. A., Wilson J. E. Complete amino acid sequence of rat brain hexokinase, deduced from the cloned cDNA, and proposed structure of a mammalian hexokinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989; 86: 2563–2567
- Den Dunnen J. T., Moormann R. J.M., Lubsen N. H., Schoenmakers J. G.G. Concerted and divergent evolution within the rat γ‐crystallin gene family. J. Mol. Biol. 1986; 189: 37–46
- Van Leen R. W., Van Roozendaal K. E.P., Lubsen N. H., Schoenmakers J. G.G. Differential expression of crystallin genes during development of the rat eye lens. Dev. Biol. 1987; 120: 457–464
- Van Leen R. W., Breuer M. L., Lubsen N. H., Schoenmakers J. G.G. Developmental expression of the crystallin genes: in situ hybridization reveals a differential localization of specific mRNAs. Dev. Biol. 1987; 123: 338–345
- Wen Y., Shi S., Unakar N. J., Bekhor I. Crystallin mRNA concentrations and distribution in lens of normal and galactosemic rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991; 32: 1638–1647
- Gunning P., Ponte P., Okayama H., Engel J., Blau H., Kedes L. Isolation and characterization of full length cDNA clones for human α‐, β‐, and γ‐actin mRNAs: skeletal but not cytoplasmic actins have an amino‐terminal cysteine that is subsequently removed. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1983; 3: 787–795
- Hentzen P. C., Bessem C. C., Sorgente N., Bekhor I. Total poly(A+)‐messenger RNA from bovine lens cofractionates with sucrose purified fiber cell plasma membrane. Exp. Eye Res. 1984; 39: 51–60
- Thomas P. S. Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1980; 77: 5201–5205
- Bekhor I. Quantitation of two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel fluorograms of mRNA translational products by soft laser densitometry. Progress in Nonhistone Protein Research, I. Bekhor. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 1989; Vol. 3: 157–166
- Wen Y., Unakar N. J., Bekhor I. Evaluation of lens epithelial cell differentiation by quantitation of MP26 mRNA relative to γ‐crystallin mRNA in initiation of galactose cataracts in the rat. Exp. Eye Res. 1991; 52: 321–327
- Wen Y., Shi S., Unakar N. J., Bekhor I. Expression of c‐myc protooncogene in rat lens cells during development, maturation and reversal of galactose cataracts. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1992; 112: 73–79
- Jeffrey J., Jornvall H. Sorbitol dehydrogenase. Adv. Enzymol. 1988; 61: 47–106
- Murray R. K., Gadacz I., Bach M., Hardin S., Morris H. P. Metabolic and electrophoretic studies of rat liver sorbitol dehydrogenase. Can. J. Biochem. 1969; 47: 587–593
- Andrews S. J., Peters J. Linkage analyses and biochemical genetics of sorbitol dehydrogenase‐1 (sdh‐1) in the mouse. Biochem. Genet. 1983; 21: 809–817
- Holmes R. S., Duley J. A., Hilgers J. Sorbitol dehydrogenase genetics in the mouse: a null mutant in a European C57BL strain. Anim. Blood Group Biochem. Genet. 1982; 13: 263–272
- Jornvall H. Differences in thiol groups and multiple forms of rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1973; 53: 1096–1101
- Van Heyningen R. Sorbitol pathway. Exp. Eye Res. 1990; 50: 583–588
- Kinoshita J. H., Nishimura C. The involvement of aldose reductase in diabetic complications. Diabetes Metab. Rev. 1988; 4: 323–337
- Robison W. G., Jr, Kador P. F., Kinoshita J. H. Retinal capillaries: basement membrane thickening with aldose reductase inhibitor. Science 1983; 221: 1177–1179
- Gabbay K. H., Merola L. O., Field R. A. Sorbitol pathway: presence in nerve and chord with substance accumulation in diabetes. Science 1966; 151: 209–210
- Ghahary A., Chakrabarti S., Sima A. A.F., Murphy L. J. Effect of insulin and statil on aldose reductase expression in diabetic rats. Diabetes 1991; 40: 1391–1396
- Varma S. D., Kinoshita J. H. The absence of cataracts in mice with congenital hyperglycemia. Exp. Eye Res. 1974; 19: 577–582