References
- Brown H B, Storey G. Bectomethasone dipropionate steroid aerosol in treatment of perennial allergic asthma in children. Br Med J 1973; 3: 161
- Prahl P, Wilken-Jensen K, Mygind N. Beclometha-sone dipropionate aerosol in treatment of hay fever in children. Arch Dis Child 1975; 50: 875
- Todd G, Dunlop K, McNaboe J, Ryan M F, Carson D, Shields M D. Growth and adrenal suppression in asthmatic children treated with high-dose fluticasone propionate. Lancet 1996; 348: 27
- Wolthers O D, Hansen M, Juul A, Nielsen H K, Pedersen S. Knemometry, urine Cortisol excretion, and measures of the insulin-like growth factor axis and collagen turnover in children treated with inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Pediatr Res 1997; 41: 44
- Pedersen S, Steffensen G, Ekman I, Tönneson M, Borgå O. Pharmacokinetics of budesonide in children with asthma. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 31: 579
- Edsbäcker S, Andersson K-E, Ryrfeldt Å. Nasal bioavailability and systemic effects of the glucocorticoid budesonide in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 29: 477
- Chaplin M D, Cooper W C, Segre E J, Dren J, Jones R E, Nerenberg C. Correlation of flunisolide plasma levels to eosinopenic response in humans. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1980; 65: 445
- Williams S J. Side effects of inhaled steroids. Glucocorticosteroids and Medianisms of Asthma, F E Har-Greave, J C Hogg, J L Malo, J H Toogood. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1989; 68–81
- Barnes P J. Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 868
- Russell G. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy in children: an assessment of the potential for side effects. Thorax 1994; 49: 1185
- Ayres J G, Barnes P J, Bellamy D. The British Guidelines for asthma. Thorax 1997; 52: 1
- Clark D J, Lipworth B J. Dose-response of inhaled drugs in asthma. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32: 58
- Honour J W. The adrenal cortex. Clinical Paediatric Endocrinology, C DG Brook. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1995; 434–452
- Esteban N Y, Yergey A L. Cortisol production rates by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Steroids 1990; 55: 152
- Honour J W, Kelnar C JH, Brook C GD. Urine steroid excretion rates in childhood reflect growth and activity of the adrenal cortex. Acta Endocrine 1990; 134: 219
- Klein R, Waldman D, Kershnar H. Treatment of chronic childhood asthma: I. A double-blind crossover trial in non-steroid dependent patients. Pediatrics 1977; 60: 7
- Williams H, Read G F, Verrier-Jones E R, Hughes I A. Effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on saliva Cortisol concentrations. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 553
- Varsano I, Volovitz B, Malik H, Amir Y. Safety of 1 year of treatment with budesonide in young children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 914
- Wyatt R, Wascher J, Weinberger M, Sherman B. Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and alternate-day prednisone on pituitary-adrenal function in children with chronic asthma. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 1387
- Vaz R, Senior B, Morris M, Binkiewicz A. Adrenal effects of beclomethasone inhalation therapy in asthmatic children. J Pediatr 1982; 100: 660
- Godfrey S, König P. Treatment of childhood asthma for 13 months and longer with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Arch Dis Child 1974; 49: 591
- Goldstein D E, König P. Effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on hypothalamic-pituitary-ad-renal axis function in children with asthma. Pediatrics 1983; 72: 60
- Crowley S, Hindmarsh P C, Holownia P, Honour J W, Brook C GD. The use of low doses of ACTH in the investigation of adrenal function in man. J Endocrinol 1991; 130: 475
- Broide J, Soferman R, Kivity S, Golander A, Dickstein G, Spirer Z, Weisman Y. Low-dose adre-nocorticotropin test reveals impaired adrenal function in patients taking inhaled corticosteroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 1243
- Baran D. A comparison of inhaled budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate in childhood asthma. Br J Dis Chest 1987; 81: 171
- Gleeson J GA, Price J F. Controlled trial of budesonide given by the Nebuhaler in preschool children with asthma. Br Med J 1988; 297: 163
- Sly R M, Imseis M, Frazer M, Joseph F. Treatment of asthma in children with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1978; 62: 76
- Boe J, Bakke P, Rödëlon T, Skovlund E, Gulsvik A. High-dose inhaled steroids in asthmatics: moderate efficacy gain and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 2179
- Barnes N C, Marone G, Di Maria G U, Visser S, Utama I, Payne S L. A comparison of fluticasone propionate, 1 mg daily, with beclomethasone dipropionate, 2 mg daily, in the treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 877
- Leblanc P, Mink S, Keistinen T, Saareleinen P A, Ringdal N, Payne S L. A comparison of fluticasone propionate 200 micrograms/day with beclomethasone dipropionate 400 micrograms/day in adult asthma. Allergy 1994; 49: 380
- Ayres J G, Bateman E D, Lundbäck B, Harris T A. High dose fluticasone propionate, 1 mg daily versus fluticasone propionate, 2 mg daily, or budesonide, 1.6 mg daily, in patients with chronic severe asthma. Eur Respir J 1995; 5: 579
- Langdon C G, Thompson J. A multicentre study to compare the efficacy and safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate and budesonide via metered-dose inhalers in adults with mild-to-moderate asthma. Br J Clin Res 1994; 5: 73
- Langdon C G, Capsey L J. Fluticasone propionate and budesonide in adult asthmatics: a comparison using drypowder inhaler devices. Br J Clin Res 1994; 5: 85
- Conolly A. A comparison of fluticasone propionate 100 ug twice daily with budesonide 200 ug twice daily via their respective powder devices in the treatment of mild asthma. Eur J Clin Res 1995; 7: 15
- Peden D B, Berger W E, Noonan M J. Inhaled fluticasone propionate delivered by means of two different multidose powder inhalers is effective and safe in a large pediatric population with persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 32
- Lundback B, Alexander M, Day J. Evaluation of fluticasone propionate (500 ug/day) administered either as dry powder via a Diskhaler inhaler or pressurized inhaler and compared with beclomethasone dipropionate (1000 ug/day) administered by pressurized inhaler. Respir Med 1993; 87: 609
- Hoekx J CM, Hedlin G, Pedersen W, Sorva R, Hollingworth K, Efthimiou J. Fluticasone propionate compared with budesonide: a double-blind trial in asthmatic children using powder devices at a dosage of 400 ug/day. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 2263
- Law C M, Marchant J L, Honour J W, Preece M A, Warner J O. Nocturnal adrenal suppression in asthmatic children taking inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. Lancet i 1986; 942
- Tabachnik E, Zadik Z. Diurnal Cortisol secretion during therapy with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in children with asthma. J Pediatr 1991; 118: 294
- Phillip M, Aviram M, Leiberman E, Zadik Z, Giat Y, Levy J, Tal A. Integrated plasma Cortisol concentration in children with asthma receiving long-term inhaled corticosteroids. Pediatr Pulm 1992; 22: 84
- Nicolaizik W H, Marchant J L, Preece M A, Warner J O. Endocrine and lung function in asthmatic children on inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 250: 624
- Brown P H, Bludell G, Greening A P, Crompton G K. Screening for hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression in asthmatics taking high-dose inhaled corticosteroids. Respir Med 1991; 55: 511
- Grahnen A, Jansson B, Brundin R M. A dose-response study comparing suppression of plasma Cortisol induced by fluticasone propionate from Diskhaler and budesonide from Turbuhaler. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 52: 261
- Selroos O, Halme M. Effect of a volumatic spacer and mouth rinsing on systemic absorption of inhaled corticosteroids from a metered dose inhaler and a dry powder inhaler. Thorax 1991; 46: 891
- Bisgaard H, Pedersen S, Nielsen M D, Østerballe O. Adrenal function in asthmatic children treated with inhaled budesonide. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 80: 213
- Bisgaard H, Nielsen M D, Andersen P. Adrenal function in children with bronchial asthma treated with beclomethasone dipropionate or budesonide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 57: 1088
- Pedersen S, Fuglsang G. Urine Cortisol excretion in children treated with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids: a comparison of budesonide and beclo-methasone. Eur Respir J 1988; 2: 433
- Prahl P, Jensen T. Decreased adreno-cortical suppression utilizing the nebuhaler for inhalation of steroid aerosols. Clin Allergy 1987; 27: 393
- Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Importance of inhalation device on the effect of budesonide. Arch Dis Child 1993; 69: 130
- Wolthers O D, Pedersen S. Measures of systemic activity of inhaled glucocorticosteroids in children: a comparison of urine Cortisol excretion and knem-ometry. Respir Med 1995; 89: 347
- Hoekstra M O, Grol M H, Bouman K, Stijnen T, Koeter G H, Kauffman H F, Gerritsen J. Fluticasone propionate in children with moderate asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 254: 1039
- Goldberg S, Algur N, Levi M, Brukheimer E, Hirsch H J, Brandski D, Kercm E. Adrenal suppression among young asthmatic children receiving chronic therapy with inhaled corticosteroid with and without spacer device. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996; 76: 234
- Zeitlin S, Wood P, Evans A, Radford M. Overnight urine growth hormone, Cortisol and adenosine 3′5′cyclic monophosphate excretion in children with chronic asthma treated with inhaled beclo-methasone dipropionate. Respir Med 1993; 57: 445
- Gonzalez P YE, Mintegui J, Garmendia A, Callen M, Reguilon M J, Garrido A, Emparanza J I. The excretion of free Cortisol in the urine in healthy children and in asthmatics treated with long-term inhaled glucocorticoids. Ann Esp Pediatr 1996; 44: 531
- Doull I J, Freezer N J, Holgate S T. Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1715; 753
- Goldberg S, Algur N, Levi M. Adrenal suppression among asthmatic children receiving chronic therapy with inhaled corticosteroid with and without spacer device. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996; 76: 234
- Volovitz B, Amir J, Malik H, Kauschansky A, Var-Sano I. Growth and pituitary-adrenal function in children with severe asthma treated with inhaled budesonide. N Engl J Med 1703; 329
- Volovitz B, Kauschansky A, Nussinovitch M, Harel L, Varsano I. Normal diurnal variation in serum Cortisol concentration in asthmatic children treated with inhaled budesonide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 96: 874
- Lipworth B J, Clark D J, McFarlane L C. Adrenocortical activity with repeated twice daily dosing of fluticasone propionate and budesonide given via large volume spacer to asthmatic school children. Thorax 1997; 52: 686
- Clark D J, Clark R A, Lipworth B J. Adrenal suppression with inhaled budesonide and fluticasone propionate given by large volume spacer to asthmatic children. Thorax 1996; 52: 941
- Chervinsky P, van As A, Bronsky E A. Fluticasone propionate aerosol for the treatment of adults with mild to moderate asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94: 676
- Wilson A M, McFarlane L C, Lipworth B J. Effects of low and high doses of inhaled flunisolide and triamcinolone acetonide on basal and dynamic measures of adrenocortical activity in healthy volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 83: 922
- Yiallouros P K, Milner A D, Conway E, Honour J W. Adrenal function and high dose inhaled corticosteroids for asthma. Arch Dis Child 1997; 76: 405
- Springer C, Avital A, Maayan C H, Rosier A, Godfrey S. Comparison of budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate for treatment of asthma. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62: 815
- Altman L C, Findlay S R, Lopez M. Adrenal function in adult asthmatics during long-term daily treatment with 800,1,200, and 1,600 micrograms triamcinolone acetonide. Chest 1992; 202: 1250
- Dickson W, Hall C A, Ellis M, Horrocks R H. Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in childhood asthma. Arch Dis Child 1973; 45: 671
- Field H V, Jenkinson P MA, Frame M H, Warner J O. Asthma treatment with a new corticosteroid aerosol, budesonide, administered twice daily by spacer inhaler. Arch Dis Child 1982; 57: 864
- Kershnar H, Klein K, Waldman D. Treatment of chronic childhood asthma with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosols: II. Effect on pituitary-adrenal function after substitution for oral corticosteroids. Pediatrics 1978; 62: 189
- Ruiz R G, Price J F. Growth and adrenal responsiveness with budesonide in young asthmatics. Respir Med 1994; 88: 17
- Clark D J, Lipworth B J. Evaluation of corticotropin releasing factor stimulation and basal markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression in asthmatic patients. Chest 1997; 712: 1248
- Murphy H, Livesy J, Espiner E A, Donald R A. The low dose ACTH test-a further word of caution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 712
- Shapiro G G. Corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic disease: Principles and practice. Pediatr Clin North Am 1983; 30: 955
- Byron M A, Jackson J, Ansell B M. Effect of different corticosteroid regimens on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and growth in juvenile chronic arthritis. J R Soc Med 1983; 76: 452
- Bacon G E, Spencer M L. Pediatric uses of steroids. Med Clin North Am 1973; 57: 1265
- Katsunuma T, Akasawa A, Ikura Y. Adrenal function of children with bronchial asthma treated with beclomethasone dipropionate. Ann Allergy 1992; 69: 529
- Meltzer E O, Kemp J P, Welch M J, Orgel H A. Effect of dosing schedule on efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in chronic asthma. Am Rev Re spir Dis 1985; 131: 732
- Freigang B, Ashford D R. Adrenal cortical function after long-term beclomethasone aerosol therapy in early childhood. Ann Allergy 1990; 64: 342
- Katz R M, Rachelefsky G S, Siegel S C, Spector S L, Rhor A S. Twice daily beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of childhood asthma. J Asthma 1986; 23: 1
- Chang C C, Tarn A Y. Suppression of adrenal function in children on inhaled steroids. J Paediatr Child Health 1991; 27: 232
- Gaddie J, Reid I W, Skinner C, Petrie G R, Sinclair D JM, Palmer K NV. Aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate: A dose-response study in chronic bronchial asthma. Lancet 1973; ii: 280
- Ebden P, Jenkins A, Houston G, Davies B H. Comparison of two high dose corticosteroid aerosol treatments, beclomethasone dipropionate (1500 ug/day) and budesonide (1600 ug/day), for chronic asthma. Thorax 1986; 41: 869
- Pedersen S. Safety of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Glucocorticoids and Mechanisms of Asthma, F E Har-Greave, J C Hoff, J L Malo, J H Toogood. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1989; 40–51
- Prahl P. Adrenocortical suppression following treatment with beclomethasone and budesonide. Clin Exper Allergy 1991; 21: 145
- MacKenzie C A, Weinberg E G, Tabachnik E, Taylor M, Havnen J, Crescenzi K. A placebo controlled trial of fluticasone propionate in asthmatic children. Eur I Pediatr 1993; 152: 856
- Gustafsson P, Tsanakas J, Gold M, Primhak R, Radford M, Gillies E. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate 200 ug / day with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate 400 ug/ day in mild and moderate asthma. Arch Dis Child 1993; 69: 206
- Grahnén A, Eckernäs S Å, Brundin R M, Ling-An-Dersson A. An assessment of the systemic activity of single doses of fluticasone propionate in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38: 521
- Boorsma M, Andersson N, Larsson P, Ullman A. Assessment of the relative systemic potency of inhaled fluticasone propionate and budesonide. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 1427
- Wilson AM, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ: Dose-response effect for adrenal suppression with repeated twice daily inhaled fluticasone propionate and triamcinolone acetonide in adult asthmatics. Am J Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1274
- Johansson S, Andersson K E, Brattsand R, Gruvstad E, Hedner P. Topical and systemic glucocorticoid potencies of budesonide and beclomethasone in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 22: 523
- Brown P H, Matusiewicz S P, Shearing C, Tibi L, Greening A P, Crompton G K. Systemic effects of high dose inhaled steroids: a comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and budesonide (BUD). Thorax 1992; 48: 845
- Fabbri L, Burge P S, Croonenborgh L, Warlies F, Weeke B, Ciaccia A, Parker C. Comparison of fluticasone propionate with beclomethasone dipropionate in moderate to severe asthma treated for one year. Thorax 1993; 48: 817
- Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Short-term knemometry and urine Cortisol excretion in children treated with fluticasone propionate and budesonide: a dose response study. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1507
- Agertoft L, Pedersen S. A randomized, double-blind dose reduction study to compare the minimal effective dose of budesonide Turbuhaler and fluticasone propionate Diskhaler. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 773
- Clark D, Grove A, Cargill R I, Lipworth B J. Comparative adrenal suppression with inhaled budesonide and fluticasone propionate in adult asthmatic patients. Thorax 1996; 51: 262
- Wilson A M, Clark D J, Devlin M M, McFarlane L C, Lipworth B J. Adrenocortical activity with repeated administration of once-daily inhaled fluticasone propionate and budesonide in asthmatic adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 53: 317
- Clark D J, Lipworth B J. Adrenal suppression with chronic dosing of fluticasone propionate compared with budesonide in adult asthmatic patients. Thorax 1997; 52: 55
- Farrer M, Francis A J, Pearce S J. Morning serum Cortisol concentrations after 2 mg inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in normal subjects: effect of a 750 ml spacing device. Thorax 1990; 45: 740
- Brown P H, Blundell G, Greening A P, Crompton G K. Do large volume spacer devices reduce the systemic effects of high dose inhaled corticosteroids?. Thorax 1990; 45: 736
- Meibohm B, Hochhaus G, Rohatagi S. Dependency of Cortisol suppression on the administration time of inhaled corticosteroids. J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 37: 704
- Nikolaizik W H, Marchant J L, Preece M A, Warner J O. Nocturnal Cortisol secretion in healthy adults before and after inhalation of budesonide. Am j Re-spir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 97
- Jones A H, Langdon C G, Lee P S. Pulmicort Turbuhaler once daily as initial prophylactic treatment for asthma. Respir Med 1994; 88: 293
- Aaronson D, Kaiser H, Dockhorn R. Effects of budesonide by means of the Turbuhaler on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in asthmatic subjects: a dose-response study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 707: 312
- Brannan M D, Herron J M, Reidenberg P, Affrime M B. A systemic bioactivity comparison of double-strength and regular-strength beclomethasone di-propionate MDI formulations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 80: 39
- Grebe S K, Peek C M, Durham J A, Kljakovic M, Cooke R R. Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate suppresses the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in a dose dependent manner. Clin Endocrinol 1997; 47: 297
- Rasmuson S, Olsson T, Hagg E. A low dose ACTH test to assess the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Endocrinol 1996; 44: 151
- Crowley S, Hindmarsh P C, Honour J W, Brook C GD. Reproducibility of the Cortisol response to stimulation with a low dose of ACTH (1-24): the effect on basal Cortisol levels in comparison of tow dose with high dose secretory dynamics. J Endocrinol 1993; 736: 167
- Gordon A CH, McDonald C F, Thomson S A, Frame M H, Pottage A, Crompton G K. Acute adrenal insufficiency associated with high dose inhaled steroids. Br Med J 1992; 304: 1415
- Hollman G A, Allen D B. Overt glucocorticoid excess due to inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 452
- Wolthers O D, Honour J W. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in children with asthma and rhinitis treated with topical glucocorticosteroids. Clin Exper Allergy 1998; 28: 545
- Griffin J P. Drug induced allergic and hypersensitivity reactions. Practitioner 1983; 227: 1283
- Forest M G. Adrenal function tests. Functional Endocrinologic Diagnostics in Children and Adolescents, M B Ranke. J & J Verlag, Mannheim 1992; 248–274
- Shah A, Stanhope R, Matthew D. Hazards of pharmacological tests of growth hormone secretion in childhood. Br Med J 1992; 304: 173
- Lipwoth B J, Seckl. Measures for detecting systemic bioactivity with inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids. Thorax 1997; 52: 476
- McLntyre H D, Mitchell C A, Bowler S D, Armstrong J G, Wooler J A, Cowley D M. Measuring the systemic effect of inhaled beclomethasone: timed morning urine collections compared with 24 hour specimens. Thorax 1995; 50: 1280
- Priftis K, Milner A D, Conway E, Honour J W. Adrenal function in asthma. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 838
- Heuck C, Wolthers O D, Hansen M, Kollerup G. Short-term growth and collagen turnover in asthmatic adolescents treated with the inhaled glucocorticoid budesonide. Steroids 1997; 62: 659
- Wolthers O D, Juul A, Hansen M, Miiller J, Pedersen S. The insulin-like growth factor axis and collagen turnover in asthmatic children treated with inhaled budesonide. Acta Paediatr 1995; 84: 393
- Wolthers O D. Long, intermediate, and short term growth studies in asthmatic children treated with inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Eur Res J 1996; 9: 821
- Heuck C, Wolthers O D. A placebo-controlled study of three osteocalcin assays for assessment of pred-nisolone-induced suppression of bone turnover. J Endocrinol 1998; 159: 127