Quantitative Determination of Morphological and Territorial Structures of Articular Cartilage from Both Perpendicular and Parallel Sections by Polarized Light Microscopy

References

• Benninghoff, A. (1925). Form und bau der gelenkknorpel in ihren beziehungen zur funktion. II. Der aufbau des gelenk-knorpels in semen beziehungen zur funktion. Z. Zellforsch. U. Mikr. Anat. (Berlin) 2:783–862.
   Google Scholar
• Venn, M., and Maroudas, A. (1977). Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthritic femoral head cartilage. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 36:121–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroudas, A., Bayliss, M.T., and Venn, M. (1980). Further studies on the composition of human femoral head cartilage. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 39:514–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton-Wurster, N., Todhunter, R.J., and Lust, G. (1993). Animal models of osteoarthritis. In Joint Cartilage Degradation. Basic and Clinical Aspects, J.F.J. Woessner and D. Howell (eds.) pp. 347–384. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hollander, A.P., Pidoux, I., Reiner, A., Rorabeck, C., Bourne, R., and Poole, A.R. (1995). Damage to type II collagen in aging and osteoarthritis starts at the articular surface, originates around chondrocytes, and extends into the cartilage with progressive degeneration. J. Clin. Invest. 96:2859–2869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckwalter, J.A., and Mankin, H.J. (1997). Articular cartilage. Part II: Degeneration and osteoarthritis, repair, regeneration, and transplantation. J. Bone Joint Surg. 79A:612–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhadlaq, H., Xia, Y., Moody, J.B., and Matyas, J. (2004). Detecting structural changes in early experimental osteoarthritis of tibial cartilage by microscopic MRI and polarized light microscopy. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 63:709–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, N.D. (1984). Further insights into the structural principles governing the function of articular cartilage. J. Anat. 139:275–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, C.A. (1997). Articular cartilage chondrons: Form, function and failure. J. Anat. 191:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youn, I., Choi, J.B., Cao, L., Setton, L.A., and Guilak, F. (2006). Zonal variations in the three-dimensional morphology of the chondron measured in situ using confocal microscopy. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 14:889–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullough, P., and Goodfellow, J. (1968). The significance of the fine structure of articular cartilage. J. Bone Joint Surg. 50B:852–857.
   Google Scholar
• Speer, D.P., and Dahners, L. (1979). The collagenous architecture of articular cartilage. Correlation of scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy observations. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 139:267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarker, Y.E., Aspden, R.M., and Hukins, D.W. (1983). Birefringence of articular cartilage and the distribution on collagen fibril orientations. Connect. Tissue Res. 11:207–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, C.A., Flint, M.H., and Beaumont, B.W. (1984). Morphological and functional interrelationships of articular cartilage matrices. J. Anat. 138:113–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, J.M. (1990). The organisation of collagen fibrils in the superficial zones of articular cartilage. J. Anat. 171:117–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Y. (1998). Relaxation anisotropy in cartilage by NMR microscopy (μMRI) at 14 μm resolution. Magn. Reson. Med. 39:941–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieminen, M.T., Rieppo, J., Toyras, J., Hakumaki, J.M., Silvennoinen, J., Hyttinen, M.M., Helminen, H.J., and Jurvelin, J.S. (2001). T2 relaxation reveals spatial collagen architecture in articular cartilage: A comparative quantitative MRI and polarized light microscopic study. Magn. Reson. Med. 46:487–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arokoski, J.P., Hyttinen, M.M., Lapveteläinen, T., Takacs, P., Kosztaczky, B., Modis, L., Kovanen, V., and Helminen, H.J. (1996). Decreased birefringence of the superficial zone collagen network in the canine knee (stifle) articular cartilage after long distance running training, detected by quantitative polarized light microscopy. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 55:253–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Y., Moody, J., Burton-Wurster, N., and Lust, G. (2001). Quantitative in situ correlation between microscopic MRI and polarized light microscopy studies of articular cartilage. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 9:393–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieppo, J., Hallikainen, J., Jurvelin, J.S., Kiviranta, I., Helminen, H.J., and Hyttinen, M.M. (2008). Practical considerations in the use of polarized light microscopy in the analysis of the collagen network in articular cartilage. Microsc. Res. Tech. 71:279–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadaleta, S.J., Landis, W.J., Boskey, A.L., and Mendelsohn, R. (1996). Polarized FT-IR microscopy of calcified turkey leg tendon. Connect. Tissue Res. 34:203–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, K., Kidder, L.H., Levin, I.W., Lewis, E.N., and Spencer, R.G. (2001). Imaging of collagen and proteoglycan in cartilage sections using Fourier transform infrared spectral imaging. Arthritis Rheum. 44:846–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho, N.P., West, P., Torzilli, P.A., and Mendelsohn, R. (2001). FTIR microscopic imaging of collagen and proteoglycan in bovine cartilage. Biopolymers 62:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, L.C., Archer, C.W., and ap Gwynn, I. (2005). The ultrastructure of mouse articular cartilage: Collagen orientation and implications for tissue functionality. A polarised light and scanning electron microscope study and review. Eur. Cell Mater. 9:68–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xia, Y., Ramakrishnan, N., and Bidthanapally, A. (2007). The depth-dependent anisotropy of articular cartilage by Fourier-transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). Osteoarthr. Cartil. 15:780–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Y., Alhadlaq, H., Ramakrishnan, N., Bidthanapally, A., Badar, F., and Lu, M. (2008). Molecular and morphological adaptations in compressed articular cartilage by polarized light microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared imaging. J. Struct. Biol. 164:88–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Y. (2008). Averaged and depth-dependent anisotropy of articular cartilage by microscopic imaging. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 37:317–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldenbourg, R., and Mei, G. (1995). New polarized light microscope with precision universal compensator. J. Microsc. 180:140–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhadlaq, H.A., Xia, Y., Hansen, F.M., Les, C.M., and Lust, G. (2007). Morphological changes in articular cartilage due to static compression: Polarized light microscopy study. Connect. Tissue Res. 48:76–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroudas, A., and Venn, M. (1977). Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage. II. Swelling. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 36:399–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venn, M.F. (1979). Chemical composition of human femoral and head cartilage: Influence of topographical position and fibrillation. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 38:57–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss, M.T., Venn, M., Maroudas, A., and Ali, S.Y. (1983). Structure of proteoglycans from different layers of human articular cartilage. Biochem. J. 209:387–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocklehurst, R., Bayliss, M.T., Maroudas, A., Coysh, H.L., Freeman, M.A., Revell, P.A., and Ali, S.Y. (1984). The composition of normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage from human knee joints. With special reference to unicompartmental replacement and osteotomy of the knee. J. Bone Joint Surg. 66A:95–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, S., Weightman, B., Urban, J., and Chappell, D. (1986). Mechanical and biochemical properties of human articular cartilage from the femoral head after subcapital fracture. J. Bone Joint Surg. 68B:418–422.
   Google Scholar
• Laasanen, M.S., Toyras, J., Korhonen, R.K., Rieppo, J., Saarakkala, S., Nieminen, M.T., Hirvonen, J., and Jurvelin, J.S. (2003). Biomechanical properties of knee articular cartilage. Biorheology 40:133–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan, N., Xia, Y., and Bidthanapally, A. (2008). Fourier-transform infrared anisotropy in cross and parallel sections of tendon and articular cartilage. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 3:48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rolauffs, B., Williams, J.M., Grodzinsky, A.J., Kuettner, K.E., and Cole, A.A. (2008). Distinct horizontal patterns in the spatial organization of superficial zone chondrocytes of human joints. J. Struct. Biol. 162:335–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Y., Mittelstaedt, D., Ramakrishnan, N., Szarko, M., and Bidthanapally, A. (2011). Depth-dependent anisotropies of amides and sugar in perpendicular and parallel sections of articular cartilage by Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). Microsc. Res. Tech., 74(2):122–132.
   Google Scholar
• Kiraly, K., Hyttinen, M.M., Lapvetelainen, T., Elo, M., Kiviranta, I., Dobai, J., Modis, L., Helminen, H.J., and Arokoski, J.P. (1997). Specimen preparation and quantification of collagen birefringence in unstained sections of articular cartilage using image analysis and polarizing light microscopy. Histochem. J. 29:317–327.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xia, Y., Moody, J., Alhadlaq, H., and Hu, J.N. (2003). Imaging the physical and morphological properties of a multi-zone young articular cartilage at microscopic resolution. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 17:365–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Y., Moody, J., Alhadlaq, H., Burton-Wurster, N., and Lust, G. (2002). Characteristics of topographical heterogeneity of articular cartilage over the joint surface of a humeral head. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 10:370–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunziker, E.B., Quinn, T.M., and Hauselmann, H.J. (2002). Quantitative structural organization of normal adult human articular cartilage. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 10:564–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, P.G., and Hall, A.C. (2003). The volume and morphology of chondrocytes within non-degenerate and degenerate human articular cartilage. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 11:242–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, S., and Xia, Y. (2009). The collagen fibril structure in the superficial zone of articular cartilage by μMRI. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 17:1519–1528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Y., and Elder, K. (2001). Quantification of the graphical details of collagen fibrils in transmission electron micrographs. J. Microsc. 204:3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, N.D., and Marra, D.L. (1986). Ultrastructural evidence for fibril-to-fibril associations in articular cartilage and their functional implication. J. Anat. 146:185–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, N.D., and Silyn-Roberts, H. (1989). The three-dimensional ‘knit’ of collagen fibrils in articular cartilage. Connect. Tissue Res. 23:75–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar