2,653
Views
42
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The management of rheumatic diseases in pregnancy

, &
Pages 99-108 | Received 29 Oct 2009, Accepted 29 Oct 2009, Published online: 26 Mar 2010

References

  • Petri M, Allbritton J. Fetal outcome of lupus pregnancy: a retrospective case-control study of the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. J Rheumatol 1993;20:650–6.
  • Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. Fertility and pregnancy outcome in women with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:763–8.
  • Katz PP. Childbearing decisions and family size among women with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:217–23.
  • Sanchez-Guerrero J, Uribe AG, Jimenez-Santana L, Mestanza-Peralta M, Lara-Reyes P, Seuc AH, A trial of contraceptive methods in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2539–49.
  • Petri M, Kim MY, Kalunian KC, Grossman J, Hahn BH, Sammaritano LR, Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2550–8.
  • Chambers CD, Johnson DL, Jones KL. Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to anti-TNFalpha medications. The OTIS Rheumatoid Arthritis in Pregnancy Study. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:S479.
  • Skomsvoll JF, Ostensen M, Irgens LM, Baste V. Obstetrical and neonatal outcome in pregnant patients with rheumatic disease. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1998;107:109–12.
  • de Man YA, van der Heide H, Dolhain RJEM, de Groot CJM, Steeger EAP, Hazes JM. Disease activity and prednisone use influences birth weight in rheumatoid arthritis pregnancies. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(9 Suppl):S349.
  • Reed SD, Vollan TA, Svec MA. Pregnancy outcomes in women with rheumatoid arthritis in Washington State. Matern Child Health J 2006;10:361–6.
  • Chakravarty EF, Nelson L, Krishnan E. Obstetric hospitalizations in the United States for women with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:899–907.
  • Bowden AP, Barrett JH, Fallow W, Silman AJ. Women with inflammatory polyarthritis have babies of lower birth weight. J Rheumatol 2001;28:355–9.
  • Chambers CD, Johnson DL, Jones KL, The OTIS Collaborative Research Group. Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to leflunomide: The OTIS Autoimmune Diseases in Pregnancy Project. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(9 Suppl):513.
  • de Man YA, Dolhain RJEM, van de Geijn FE, Stijnen T, Hazes JM. Does rheumatoid arthritis ameliorate during pregnancy? Results from a Prospective Nationwide Cohort Study (the PARA-study). Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(9 Suppl):S310.
  • Ostensen M, Villiger PM. The remission of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy. Semin Immunopathol 2007;29:185–91.
  • Nelson JL, Ostensen M. Pregnancy and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997;23:195–212.
  • Barrett JH, Brennan P, Fiddler M, Silman AJ. Does rheumatoid arthritis remit during pregnancy and relapse postpartum? Results from a nationwide study in the United Kingdom performed prospectively from late pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1219–27.
  • de Man YA, Dolhain RJ, van de Geijn FE, Willemsen SP, Hazes JM. Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: results from a nationwide prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:1241–8.
  • Ehrenstein MR, Evans JG, Singh A, Moore S, Warnes G, Isenberg DA, Compromised function of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis and reversal by anti-TNFalpha therapy. J Exp Med 2004;200:277–85.
  • Vignali DA, Collison LW, Workman CJ. How regulatory T cells work. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:523–32.
  • Forger F, Marcoli N, Gadola S, Moller B, Villiger PM, Ostensen M. Pregnancy induces numerical and functional changes of CD4+CD25 high regulatory T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:984–90.
  • Somerset DA, Zheng Y, Kilby MD, Sansom DM, Drayson MT. Normal human pregnancy is associated with an elevation in the immune suppressive CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T-cell subset. Immunology 2004;112:38–43.
  • Nelson JL, Hughes KA, Smith AG, Nisperos BB, Branchaud AM, Hansen JA. Maternal–fetal disparity in HLA class II alloantigens and the pregnancy-induced amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1993;329:466–71.
  • Ostensen M, Husby G. Ankylosing spondylitis and pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1989;15:241–54.
  • Ostensen M, Romberg O, Husby G. Ankylosing spondylitis and motherhood. Arthritis Rheum 1982;25:140–3.
  • Ostensen M, Husby G. A prospective clinical study of the effect of pregnancy on rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:1155–9.
  • Ostensen M. Pregnancy in psoriatic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1988;17:67–70.
  • Ostensen M. The effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992;28:235–7.
  • Forger F, Villiger PM, Ostensen M. Pregnancy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: do regulatory T cells play a role? Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:279–83.
  • Clowse ME, Magder LS, Witter F, Petri M. The impact of increased lupus activity on obstetric outcomes. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:514–21.
  • Clowse ME, Magder L, Witter F, Petri M. Hydroxychloroquine in lupus pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3640–7.
  • James AH, Brancazio LR, Ortel TL. Thrombosis, thrombophilia, and thromboprophylaxis in pregnancy. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2005;3:187–97.
  • Romero-Diaz J, Garcia-Sosa I, Sanchez-Guerrero J. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases of recent onset. J Rheumatol 2009;36:68–75.
  • Clowse ME, Jamison MG, Myers E, James A. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199:127. e1–6.
  • Cervera R, Khamashta MA. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus at the change of the millennium: lessons from the Euro-Lupus and the LUMINA projects. Lupus 2006;15:1–2.
  • Clowse ME, Magder LS, Witter F, Petri M. Early risk factors for pregnancy loss in lupus. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:293–9.
  • Carmona F, Font J, Moga I, Lazaro I, Cervera R, Pac V, Class III–IV proliferative lupus nephritis and pregnancy: a study of 42 cases. Am J Reprod Immunol 2005;53:182–8.
  • Ruano R, Fontes RS, Zugaib M. Prevention of preeclampsia with low-dose aspirin – a systematic review and meta-analysis of the main randomized controlled trials. Clinics 2005;60:407–14.
  • Carmona F, Font J, Cervera R, Munoz F, Cararach V, Balasch J. Obstetrical outcome of pregnancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A study of 60 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999;83:137–42.
  • Georgiou PE, Politi EN, Katsimbri P, Sakka V, Drosos AA. Outcome of lupus pregnancy: a controlled study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:1014–19.
  • Cortes-Hernandez J, Ordi-Ros J, Paredes F, Casellas M, Castillo F, Vilardell-Tarres M. Clinical predictors of fetal and maternal outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of 103 pregnancies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:643–50.
  • Clark CA, Spitzer KA, Nadler JN, Laskin CA. Preterm deliveries in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2003;30:2127–32.
  • Cavallasca JA, Laborde HA, Ruda-Vega H, Nasswetter GG. Maternal and fetal outcomes of 72 pregnancies in Argentine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clin Rheumatol 2008;27:41–6.
  • Rahman FZ, Rahman J, Al-Suleiman SA, Rahman MS. Pregnancy outcome in lupus nephropathy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2005;271:222–6.
  • Wagner SJ, Craici I, Reed D, Norby S, Bailey K, Wiste HJ, Maternal and foetal outcomes in pregnant patients with active lupus nephritis. Lupus 2009;18:342–7.
  • Imbasciati E, Tincani A, Gregorini G, Doria A, Moroni G, Cabiddu G, Pregnancy in women with pre-existing lupus nephritis: predictors of fetal and maternal outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:519–25.
  • Steen VD. Pregnancy in women with systemic sclerosis. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:15–20.
  • Black CM, Stevens WM. Scleroderma. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1989;15:193–212.
  • Steen VD, Conte C, Day N, Ramsey-Goldman R, Medsger TA Jr. Pregnancy in women with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:151–7.
  • Englert H, Brennan P, McNeil D, Black C, Silman AJ. Reproductive function prior to disease onset in women with scleroderma. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1575–9.
  • Kahl LE, Blair C, Ramsey-Goldman R, Steen VD. Pregnancy outcomes in women with primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1249–55.
  • Burrows RF, Burrows EA. Assessing the teratogenic potential of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;38:306–11.
  • Laube GF, Kemper MJ, Schubiger G, Neuhaus TJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor fetopathy: long-term outcome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007;92:F402–3.
  • Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:295–306.
  • Bick RL. Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008;22:107–20.
  • Rai RS, Clifford K, Cohen H, Regan L. High prospective fetal loss rate in untreated pregnancies of women with recurrent miscarriage and antiphospholipid antibodies. Hum Reprod 1995;10:3301–4.
  • Empson M, Lassere M, Craig JC, Scott JR. Recurrent pregnancy loss with antiphospholipid antibody: a systematic review of therapeutic trials. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:135–44.
  • Salmon JE, Girardi G. Antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy loss: a disorder of inflammation. J Reprod Immunol 2008;77:51–6.
  • Girardi G, Redecha P, Salmon JE. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med 2004;10:1222–6.
  • Kutteh WH, Ermel LD. A clinical trial for the treatment of antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss with lower dose heparin and aspirin. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996;35:402–7.
  • Rai R, Cohen H, Dave M, Regan L. Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies). BMJ 1997;314:253–7.
  • Farquharson RG, Quenby S, Greaves M. Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial of treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:408–13. Erratum in: Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1361.
  • Derksen RH, Khamashta MA, Branch DW. Management of the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1028–39.
  • Branch DW, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome: obstetric diagnosis, management, and controversies. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:1333–44.
  • Bates SM, Greer IA, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS. Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126(3 Suppl):627S–44S.
  • Erkan D, Merrill JT, Yazici Y, Sammaritano L, Buyon JP, Lockshin MD. High thrombosis rate after fetal loss in antiphospholipid syndrome: effective prophylaxis with aspirin. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:1466–7.
  • Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, Moretti ME, Beique L, Hunnisett L, Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 2000;62:385–92.
  • Ostensen M, Khamashta M, Lockshin M, Parke A, Brucato A, Carp H, Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:209.
  • Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Duhaut P, Huong DL, Sebbough D, Wechsler B, Safety of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with connective tissue diseases: a study of one hundred thirty-three cases compared with a control group. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3207–11.
  • Klinger G, Morad Y, Westall CA, Laskin C, Spitzer KA, Koren G, Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases. Lancet 2001;358:813–14.
  • Motta M, Tincani A, Faden D, Zinzini E, Lojacono A, Marchesi A, Follow-up of infants exposed to hydroxychloroquine given to mothers during pregnancy and lactation. J Perinatol 2005;25:86–9.
  • Feldkamp M, Carey JC. Clinical teratology counseling and consultation case report: low dose methotrexate exposure in the early weeks of pregnancy. Teratology 1993;47:533–9.
  • Ostensen M, Hartmann H, Salvesen K. Low dose weekly methotrexate in early pregnancy. A case series and review of the literature. J Rheumatol 2000;27:1872–5.
  • Lewden B, Vial T, Elefant E, Nelva A, Carlier P, Descotes J. Low dose methotrexate in the first trimester of pregnancy: results of a French collaborative study. J Rheumatol 2004;31:2360–5.
  • Buckley LM, Bullaboy CA, Leichtman L, Marquez M. Multiple congenital anomalies associated with weekly low-dose methotrexate treatment of the mother. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:971–3.
  • Del Campo M, Kosaki K, Bennett FC, Jones KL. Developmental delay in fetal aminopterin/methotrexate syndrome. Teratology 1999;60:10–12.
  • Johns DG, Rutherford LD, Leighton PC, Vogel CL. Secretion of methotrexate into human milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972;112:978–80.
  • Kremer JM. Methotrexate and leflunomide: biochemical basis for combination therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999;29:14–26.
  • Brent RL. Teratogen update: reproductive risks of leflunomide (Arava); a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor: counseling women taking leflunomide before or during pregnancy and men taking leflunomide who are contemplating fathering a child. Teratology 2001;63:106–12.
  • Rozman B. Clinical pharmacokinetics of leflunomide. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002;41:421–30.
  • Jarnerot G, Into-Malmberg MB, Esbjorner E. Placental transfer of sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine and some of its metabolites. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981;16:693–7.
  • Mogadam M, Dobbins WO 3rd, Korelitz BI, Ahmed SW. Pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of sulfasalazine and corticosteroids on fetal outcome. Gastroenterology 1981;80:72–6.
  • Nielsen OH, Andreasson B, Bondesen S, Jarnum S. Pregnancy in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983;18:735–42.
  • Newman NM, Correy JF. Possible teratogenicity of sulphasalazine. Med J Aust 1983;1:528–9.
  • Hoo JJ, Hadro TA, Von Behren P. Possible teratogenicity of sulfasalazine. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1128.
  • Giroir BP, Peppel K, Silva M, Beutler B. The biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor during pregnancy: studies with a CAT reporter transgene and TNF inhibitors. Eur Cytokine Netw 1992;3:533–8.
  • Treacy G. Using an analogous monoclonal antibody to evaluate the reproductive and chronic toxicity potential for a humanized anti-TNFalpha monoclonal antibody. Hum Exp Toxicol 2000;19:226–8.
  • Katz JA, Antoni C, Keenan GF, Smith DE, Jacobs SJ, Lichtenstein GR. Outcome of pregnancy in women receiving infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2385–92.
  • Carter JD, Ladhani A, Ricca LR, Valeriano J, Vasey FB. A safety assessment of tumor necrosis factor antagonists during pregnancy: a review of the Food and Drug Administration database. J Rheumatol 2009;36:635–41.
  • Vasiliauskas EA, Church JA, Silverman N, Barry M, Targan SR, Dubinsky MC. Case report: evidence for transplacental transfer of maternally administered infliximab to the newborn. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1255–8.
  • Vasiliu V, Lazarescu R, Popescu A, Grigoriu E, Mauriciu E. [Lupus erythematosus (L.E.) and pregnancy and the puerperium], in Romanian. Med Interna (Bucur) 1969;21:99–104.
  • Caprilli R, Gassull MA, Escher JC, Moser G, Munkholm P, Forbes A, European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: special situations. Gut 2006;55(Suppl 1):i36–58.
  • Stengel JZ, Arnold HL. Is infliximab safe to use while breastfeeding? World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:3085–7.
  • Polifka JE, Friedman JM. Teratogen update: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Teratology 2002;65:240–61.
  • Sifontis NM, Coscia LA, Constantinescu S, Lavelanet AF, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT. Pregnancy outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients with exposure to mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus. Transplantation 2006;82:1698–702.
  • Gwyn KM, Theriault RL. Breast cancer during pregnancy. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2000;1:239–43.
  • Clowse ME, Magder L, Petri M. Cyclophosphamide for lupus during pregnancy. Lupus 2005;14:593–7.
  • Kart Koseoglu H, Yucel AE, Kunefeci G, Ozdemir FN, Duran H. Cyclophosphamide therapy in a serious case of lupus nephritis during pregnancy. Lupus 2001;10:818–20.
  • Perricone R, De Carolis C, Kroegler B, Greco E, Giacomelli R, Cipriani P, Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in pregnant patients affected with systemic lupus erythematosus and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:646–51.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.