Abnormal Colonic Microbial Function in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

References

• Bennett JC. The infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1978; 21: 531–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midtvedt T. Intestinal bacteria and rheumatic disease. Scand J Rheumatol 1987; 49–54, Suppl. 64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson ÅEK, Blomquist L, Nord C-E, Midtvedl T, Uribe A. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 52: 503–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midtvedt T, Björneklett A, Carlstedt-Duke B, Gustafsson B E, Höverstad T, Lingaas E, . The influence of antibiotics upon microflora-associated characteristics in man and mammals. Germ-free Research: Microflora Control and Its Application to the Biomedical Sciences, BS Wostmann, JR Pleasants, M Pollard, BA Teah, M Wagner, et al. Alan R. Liss, New York 1985; 241–4
   Google Scholar
• Arnett F C, Edworthy S M, Bloch D A, McShane D, Fries J FCooper, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 315–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekdahl C, Eberhardt K, Andersson I, Svensson B. Assessing disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; use of a Swedish version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Scand I Rheumatol 1988; 17: 263–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midtvedt T, Lingaas E, Carlstedt-Duke B, Höverstad T, Midtvedt A-C, Saxerholt H, et al. Intestinal microbial conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol in man. APMIS 1990; 98: 839–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midtvedt A-C, Midtvedt T. Conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol by the intestinal microflora during the first two years of human life. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 1993; 17: 161–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxerholt H, Carlstedt-Duke B, Höverstad T, Lingaas E, Norin KE, Steinbakk M, et al. Influence of antibiotics on the faecal excretion of bile pigments in healthy subjects. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21: 991–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norin K E, Carlstedt-Duke B, Höverstad T, Lingaas E, Saxerholt H, Steinbakk M, et al. Faecal tryptic activity in humans: influence of antibiotics on microbial intestinal degradation. Microbial Ecology Health Dis 1988; 1: 65–8
   Google Scholar
• Welling G W, Groen G, Tuinte J HM, Koopman J P, Kennis HM. Biochemical effects on germ-free mice of association with several strains of anaerobic bacteria. J Gen Microbiol 1980; 117: 57–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eyssen H J, Parmentier G G, Compernolle F C, De Pauw G, Piessens-Denef M. Biohydrogenation of sterols by Eubacterium ATCC 21, 408-nova species. Eur J Biochem 1973; 36: 411–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadzikowski M R, Sperry J F, Wilkins TD. Cholesterol-reducing bacterium from human feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 1977; 34: 355–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkley A W, Gottesman A R, Mott GE. Isolation and characterization of new strains of cholesterol-reducing bacteria from baboons. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 43: 86–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg TF. On the site of the microbiological reduction of cholesterol to coprostanol in the rat. Lipids 1973; 8: 658–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins T D, Hackman AS. Two patterns of neutral steroid conversion in the feces of normal North Americans. Cancer Res 1974; 34: 2250–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korpela J T, Hämäläinen E, Adlercreutz H. Effect of oxytetracycline on bacterial intestinal metabolism of neutral sterols and on serum lipids. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19: 401–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salyers A A, Sperry J F, Wilkins T D, Walker A RP, Richardson NJ. Neutral steroid concentrations in the faeces of North American and South African black populations at different risks for cancer of the colon. S Afr Med J 1977; 51: 823–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazenberg M P, Klasen I S, Kool J, Ruseler-Van Embden J GH, Severijnen AJ. Are intestinal bacteria involved in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis?. APMIS 1992; 100: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midtvedt T, Gustafsson BE. Microbial conversion of bilirubin to urobilins in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [B] 1981; 89: 57–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leijonmarck C-E, Benno P, Carlstedt-Duke B, Monsén U, Norin E, Poppen B, et al. The function of the intestinal microflora in patients with ulcerative colitis before and after colectotny. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 585–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norin KE. Germ-free Animal Characteristics, a Study of Some Functional Aspects of Intestinal Flora in Rat and Man. Thesis, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 1985
   Google Scholar
• Norin K E, Midtvedt T, Gustafsson BE. Influence of intestinal microflora on the tryptic activity during lactation in rats. Lab Anim 1986; 21: 621–6
   Google Scholar
• Peppercorn M A, Goldman P. Distribution studies of salicylazosulfapyridine and its metabolites. Gastroenterology 1973; 64: 240–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppercorn M A, Goldman P. The role of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism of salicylazosulfapyridine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1972; 181: 555–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullar T, Hunter J A, Capell HA. Which component of sulphasalazine is active in rheumatoid artritis?. Br Med J 1985; 290: 1535–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neumann V C, Taggart A J, Le Gallez P, Astbury C, Hill J, Bird HA. A study to determine the activity moiety of sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 285–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazenberg M P, Bakker M, Both-Patoir H C, Ruseler-van-Embden J GH, Schroder AM. Effect of sulphasalazine on the human intestinal flora. J Appl Bacteriol 1982; 52: 103–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke M. Faecal flora of patients with ulcerative colitis during treatment with salicylazosulphapyridine. Gut 1969; 10: 565–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verspaget H W, Aparicio-Pagés M N, Verver S, Edelbroek P M, Hafkenscheid J CM, Cramabohbouth G E, et al. Influence of sulphasalazine and mesalazine on cellular and biochemical oxygen metabolite production. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 779–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen O H, Ahnfelt-Rönne I. Involvement of oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Klin Wochenschr 1991; 69: 995–1000
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welling GW. Beta-aspartylglycine, an indicator of decreased colonization resistance?. New Criteria for Antimicrobial Therapy: Maintenance of Digestive Tract Colonization Resistance, D van der Waaij, J Verhoef. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, Oxford 1979; 65–73
   Google Scholar