Interleukin-2 is Found in the Synovium of Psoriatic Arthritis and Spondylarthritis, not in Rheumatoid Arthritis

References

• Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 315–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasey F, Espinoza LR. Psoriatic arthropathy. Spondyloarthropathy, A Calin. Grune and Stratton., Orlando, FA 1984; 151–85
   Google Scholar
• Willkens RF, Arnett FC, Bitter T, Calin A, Fisher L, Ford DK, et al. Reiter's syndrome. Evaluation of preliminary criteria for definite disease. Arthritis Rheum 1981; 24: 844–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Linden S, Valkenburg A, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 361–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayson M IV, Henderson D RF. Arthroscopy in the diagnosis of inflammatory joint disease. Rheumatology and Rehabilitation 1973; 12: 195–7
   Google Scholar
• Cooper NS. Diagnostic specificity of synovial lesions. Hum Pathol 1981; 12: 314–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell WM, Warren CJ, Cook NJ, Cawley MI, Smith JL. Detection of IL-2 at mRNA and protein levels in synovial infiltrates from inflammatory arthropathies using biotinylated oligonucleotide probes in situ. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 86: 393–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker RH, Pearson CM. A simplified synovial biopsy needle. Arthritis Rheum 1963; 6: 172–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaron S, Paetkau V. Synovial cell secretion of IL-2 in vitro, a limiting dilution analysis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991; 9: 113–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combe B, Pope RM, Fischbach M, Darnell B, Baron S, Talal N. Interleukin-2 in rheumatoid arthritis: production of and response to interleukin-2 in rheumatoid synovial fluid, synovial tissue and peripheral blood. Clin Exp Immunol 1985; 59: 520–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitas GD, Salmon M, Fair M, Gaston J SH, Bacon PA. Deficient interleukin 2 production in rheumatoid arthritis: association with active disease and systemic complications. Clin Exp Immunol 1988; 73: 242–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MD, Roberts-Thomson PJ. Interleukin 2 and interleukin 2 inhibitors in human serum and synovial fluid. II. Mitogenic stimulation, interleukin 2 production and interleukin 2 receptor expression in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and Reiter's syndrome. J. Rheumatol 1989; 16: 897–903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MD, Haynes DR, Roberts-Thomson PJ. Interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 inhibitors in human serum and synovial fluid. I. Characterization of the inhibitor and its mechanism of action. J. Rheumatol 1989; 16: 149–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery P, Gentry KC, Kelso A, Mackay IR. Interleukin-2 inhibitor in synovial fluid. Clin Exp Immunol 1988; 72: 60–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miossec P, Kashiwado T, Ziff M. Inhibitor of interleukin-2 in rheumatoid synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30: 121–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miossec P, Naviliat M, Dupuy D', Angeac A, Sany J, Banchereau J. Low levels of interleukin-4 and high levels of transforming growth factor beta in rheumatoid synovitis. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 1180–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotz M, Kekow J, Carson DA. Transforming growth factor-β and cellular immune responses in rheumatoid synovitis. J Immunol 1990; 144: 4189–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SB, Katsikis PD, Chu CQ, Thomssen H, Webb LM, Maini RN, et al. High level of interleukin-10 production by the activated T cell population within the rheumatoid synovial membrane. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 946–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovdenes J, Gaudemack G, Kvien TK, Hovdenes AB, Egelund T. Mitogen-induced interleukin 2 and gamma-interferon production by CD4+ and CD8+ cells of patients with inflammatory arthritides. A comparison between cells from synovial fluid and blood. Scand J. Immunol 1989; 30: 597–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanni G, Whelan A, Feighery C, Quinlan W, Symons J, Duff G, et al. Contrasting levels of in vitro cytokine production by rheumatoid synovial tissues demonstrating different patterns of mononuclear cell infiltration. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 93: 387–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veale D, Yanni G, Rogers S, Barnes L, Bresnihan B, Fitzgerald O. Reduced synovial membrane macrophage numbers, ELAM-1 expression, and lining layer hyperplasia in psoriatic arthritis as compared with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 893–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd BL, Moore K, Walters MT, Smith JL, Cawley M ID. Immunohistological features of synovitis in ankylosing spondylitis: a comparison with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 92–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firestein GS, Zvaifler NJ. How important are T cells in chronic rheumatoid synovitis?. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 768–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvaifler NJ, Firestein GS. Pannus and pannocytes: alternative models of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 783–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giovine FS, Nuki G, Duff GW. Tumour necrosis factor in synovial exudates. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47: 768–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westacott CI, Whicher JT, Barnes IC, Thompson D, Swan AJ, Dieppe PA. Synovial fluid concentration of five different cytokines in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1990; 49: 676–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxne T, Palladino M AJ, Heinegard D, Talal N, Wollheim FA. Detection of tumor necrosis factor α but not tumor necrosis factor p in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid and serum. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 1041–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood DD, Ihrie EJ, Dinarello CA, Cohn PL. Isolation of an interleukin-1-like factor from human joint effusions. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 975–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ, Keat AC. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in joints of reactive arthritis patients by polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 1992; 340: 81–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman MU, Cheema MA, Schumacher HR, Hudson AP. Molecular evidence for the presence of chlamydia in the synovium of patients with Reiter's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 521–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira LH, Gutierrez F, Scopelitis E, Cuellar ML, Citera G, Espinoza LR. Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1993; 19: 351–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannone F, Corrigall VM, Kingsley GH, Panayi GS. Evidence for the continuous recruitment and activation of T cells into the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J. Immunol 1994; 24: 2706–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waalen K, Sioud M, Natvig JB, Forre O. Spontaneous in vivo gene transcription of interleukin-2, interleukin-3, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) and proto-oncogene c-myc by rheumatoid synovial T lymphocytes. Scand J. Immunol 1992; 36: 865–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firestein GS, Alvaro Gracia JM, Maki R. Quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 1990; 144: 3347–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallman MJ, Shiho O, Page TH, Wood KJ, Morris PJ. Peripheral tolerance to alloantigen results from altered regulation of the interleukin 2 pathway. J Exp Med 1991; 173: 79–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar