Importance of proper scaling of aerobic power when relating to cardiometabolic risk factors in children

References

• Allison DB, Paultre F, Goran MI, Poehlman ET, Heymsfield SB. 1995. Statistical considerations regarding the use of ratios to adjust data. Int J Obes. 19:644–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen LB, Wedderkopp N, Hansen HS, Cooper AR, Froberg K. 2003. Biological cardiovascular risk factors cluster in Danish children and adolescents: the European Youth Heart Study. Prev Med. 37:363–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong N, Welsman J, Winsley R. 1996. Is peak VO2 a maximal index of children's aerobic fitness?. Int J Sport Med. 17:356–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baquet G, van Praagh E, Berthoin S. 2003. Endurance training and aerobic fitness in young people. Sports Med. 33:1127–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron AJ, Boyko EJ, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ, Söderberg S, Alberti KG, Tuomilehto J, Chitson P, Shaw JE. 2008. Central obesity as a precursor to the metabolic syndrome in the AusDiab study and Mauritius. Obesity (Silver Spring). 16:2707–2716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH. 2003. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 157:821–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper DM, Weiler-Ravell D, Whipp BJ, Wasserman K. 1984. Aerobic parameters of exercise as a function of body size during growth in children. J Appl Physiol. 56:628–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham DA, MacFarlane Van Watersschoot B, Paterson DH, Lefcoe M, Sangal SP. 1977. Reliability and reproducibility of maximal oxygen uptake measurement in children. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 9:104–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dencker M, Bugge A, Hermansen B, Froberg K, Andersen LB. 2011. Aerobic fitness in prepubertal children according to level of body fat. Acta Pediatr. 99:1854–1860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dencker M, Wollmer P, Karlsson MK, Linden C, Andersen LB, Thorsson O. 2010. Body fat, abdominal fat and body fat distribution related to VO2peak in young children. Intern J Pediatr Obes, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118017. accessed on-line December 2010..
   Google Scholar
• Duncan GE, Li SM, Zhou XH. 2004. Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among U.S. Adolescents, 1999–2000. Diabetes Care. 27:2438–2443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froberg K, Andersen LB. 2005. Mini review: physical activity and fitness and its relationship to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children. Int J Obes. 29 Suppl 2: S34–S39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haycock GB, Schwartz GJ, Wisotsky DH. 1978. Geometric method for measuring body surface area: A height weight formula validated in infants, children and adults. J Pediatr. 93:62–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtig-Wennlof A, Ruiz JR, Harro M, Sjostrom M. 2007. Cardiorespiratory fitness relates more strongly than physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy children and adolescents: the European Youth Heart Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 14:575–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jago R, Drews KL, McMurray RG, Thompson D, Volpe SL, Moe EL, Jakicic JM, Pham TH, Bruecker S, Blackshear TB, Yin Z. 2010. Fatness, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors among sixth grade youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 42:1502–1510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz KF, Burns TL, Witt JD, Mahoney LT. 1998. Longitudinal analysis of scaling VO2 for differences in body size during puberty: the Muscatine Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 30:1436–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz KF, Dawson JD, Mahoney LT. 2000. Predicting heart growth during puberty: The Muscatine Study. Pediatrics. 105:E63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz KF, Dawson JD, Mahoney LT. 2002. Increases in physical fitness during childhood improves cardiovascular health during adolescence: The Muscatine Study. Int J Sport Med. 23:S15–S21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe CJ, Janssen I. 2007. Development of age-specific adolescent metabolic syndrome criteria that are linked to the Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria. J Am Col Cardiol. 49:891–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Schutz RW. 2003. Statistical validity of using ratio variables in human kinetics research. Res Quart Exerc Sport. 74:226–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohman TG. 1992. Advances in body composition assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 74.
   Google Scholar
• Mácek M, Rutenfranz J, Lange K, Masopust J, Vávra J, Klimmer F, Kylian H, Dane˘k K, Mácková J, Flöring R, Ottmann W. 1985. Favourable levels of cardio-vascular health and risk indicators during childhood and adolescence. Eur J Pediatr. 144:360–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maison P, Byrne CD, Hales CN, Day NE, Wareham NJ. 2001. Do different dimensions of the metabolic syndrome change together over time? Evidence supporting obesity as the central feature. Diabetes Care. 24:1758–1763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. 2004. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 41–116.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. 1985. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologica. 28:412–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray RG, Andersen LB. 2010. The influence of exercise on metabolic syndrome in youth: A review. Am J Lifestyle Med. 4:176–186.
   Google Scholar
• McMurray RG, Bangdiwala SI, Harrell JS, Amorim LD. 2008. Adolescents with metabolic syndrome have a history of low aerobic fitness and physical activity levels. Dyn Med. 7:5–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMurray RG, Bauman MJ, Harrell JS, Brown S, Bangdiwala SI. 2000. Effects of improvement in aerobic power on resting insulin and glucose concentrations in youth. Eur J Appl Physiol. 81:132–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray RG, Guion WK, Ainsworth BE, Harrell JS. 1998. Predicting aerobic power in children: a comparison of two methods. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 38:227–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray RG, Harrell JS, Bangdiwala SI, Bradley CB, Deng S, Levine A. 2002. A school-based intervention can reduce body fat and blood pressure in young adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 31:125–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray RG, Kocher PL, Horvath SM. 1994. Aerobic power and body size affects the exercise-induced stress hormone responses to varying water temperatures. Aviat Space Environ Med. 65:809–814.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nevill A. 1994. The need to scale for differences in body size and mass: an explanation of Keiber's 0.75 mass exponent. J Appl Physiol. 77:2870–2873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevill AM, Bate S, Holder RL. 2005. Modeling physiological and anthropometric variables known to vary with body size and other confounding variables. Yrbk Phys Anthropol. 48:141–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevill A, Ramsbottom R, Williams C. 1992. Scaling physiological measurements for individuals of different sizes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 65:110–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHANES. 2005. Anthropometry and physical activity monitor procedures manual, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, Section 2.1–3.20.
   Google Scholar
• Ondrak KS, McMurray RG, Harrell JS. 2007. The influence of aerobic power and percent body fat on cardiovascular disease risk in youth. J Adolesc Health. 41:146–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peralta-Huertas J, Livingstone K, Banach A, Klentrou P, O'Leary D. 2008. Differences in left ventricular mass between overweight and normal-weight preadolescent children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 33:1172–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérusse L, Lortie G, Leblanc C, Tremblay A, Thériault G, Bouchard C. 1987. Genetic and environmental sources of variation in physical fitness. Ann Human Biol. 14:125–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen AC, Crockett L, Richards M, Boxer A. 1988. A self-report measure of pubertal status: reliability, validity, and initial norms. J Youth Adolesc. 17:117–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland TW. 2005. Children exercise physiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 5–15.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Rizzo NS, Villa I, Hurtig-Wennlöf A, Oja L, Sjöström M. 2007. High cardiovascular fitness is associated with low metabolic risk score in children: the European Youth Heart Study. Pediatr Res. 61:350–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. 2011. Metabolic syndrome: From the Genetics to the Pathophysiology. Curr Hypertens Rep.. 13:149–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suriano K, Curran J, Byrne SM, Jones TW, Davis EA. 2010. Fatness, fitness and increased cardiovascular risk in young children. J Pediatr. 157:552–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth MJ, Goran MI, Ades PA, Howard DB, Poehlman ET. 1993. Examination of data normalization procedures for expressing peak VO2 data. J Appl Physiol. 75:2288–2292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsman JR, Armstrong N, Nevill AM, Winter EM, Kirby BJ. 1996. Scaling peak VO2 for differences in body size. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 28:259–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar