Digit ratio (2D:4D) as an indicator of body size, testosterone concentration and number of children in human males

References

• Almasry SM, El Domiaty MA, Algaidi SA, Elbastawisy YM, Safwat MD. 2011. Index to ring digit ratio in Saudi Arabia at Almadinah Almonawarah province: a direct and indirect measurement study. J Anatom 218:202–208
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bang AK, Carlsen E, Holm M, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE, Jørgensen N. 2005. A study of finger lengths, semen quality and sex hormones in 360 young men from the general Danish population. Hum Reprod 20:3109–3113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barut C, Tan U, Dogan A. 2008. Association of height and weight with second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences. Percept Motor Skills 106:627–632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown WM, Hines M, Fane BA, Breedlove SM. 2002. Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Behav 42:380–386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danborno B, Adebisi SS, Adelaiye AB, Ojo SA. 2008. Sexual dimorphism and relationship between chest, hip and waist circumference with 2D, 4D and 2D:4D in Nigerians. Internet J Biol Anthropol 1:2
   Google Scholar
• Danborno B, Adebisi SS, Adelaiye AB, Ojo SA. 2010. Relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and birth weight in Nigerians. Anthropologist 12:127–130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink B, Neave N, Manning JT. 2003. Second to fourth digit ratio, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-chest ratio: their relationships in heterosexual men and women. Ann Hum Biol 6:728–738
   Google Scholar
• Fink B, Thanzami V, Seydel H, Manning JT. 2006. Digit ratio and handgrip strength in German and Mizos men: cross-cultural evidence for an organizing effect of prenatal testosterone on strength. Am J Hum Biol 18:776–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank GR. 2003. Role of estrogen and androgen in pubertal skeletal physiology. Med Pediatr Oncol 41:217–221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• García-Cruz E, Huguet J, Piqueras M, Ribal MJ, Alcaraz A. 2012. Second to fourth digit ratio, adult testosterone level and testosterone deficiency. BJU Int 109:266–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschwind N, Galaburda AM. 1985. Cerebral lateralization: biological mechanisms, associations and pathology: II. A hypothesis and a program for research. Arch Neurol 42:521–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray PB, Campbell BC. 2009. Human males testosterone, pair-bonding, and fatherhood. In: Ellison PT, Gray PB, editors. Endocrinology of social relationships. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p 270–293
   Google Scholar
• Hone LSE, McCullough ME. 2012. 2D:4D ratios predict hand grip strength (but not hand grip endurance) in men (but not in women). Evol Hum Behav 33:780–789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honekopp J, Bartholdt L, Beier L, Liebert A. 2007. Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: new data and a meta-analytic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:313–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honekopp J, Voracek M, Manning JT. 2006. 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and number of sex partners: evidence for effects of prenatal testosterone in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:30–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honekopp J, Watson S. 2010. Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand. Am J Hum Biol 22:619–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasienska G. 2013. The fragile wisdom. An evolutionary view on women’s biology and health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
   Google Scholar
• Jasienska G, Ellison PT. 2004. Energetic factors and seasonal changes in ovarian function in women from rural Poland. Am J Hum Biol 16:563–580
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jasienska G, Jasienski M, Ellison PT. 2012. Testosterone levels correlate with the number of children in human males, but the direction of the relationship depends on paternal education. Evol Hum Behav 33:665–671
   Google Scholar
• Jasienska G, Thune I, Ellison PT. 2006a. Fatness at birth predicts adult susceptibility to ovarian suppression: an empirical test of the “Predictive Adaptive Response” hypothesis. PNAS 34:12759–12862
   Google Scholar
• Jasienska G, Ziomkiewicz A, Lipson SF, Thune I, Ellison PT. 2006b. High ponderal index at birth predicts high estradiol levels in adult women. Am J Hum Biol 18:133–140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manning JT. 2002. Digit ratio: a pointer to fertility, behavior and health. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
   Google Scholar
• Manning JT, Barley L, Walton J, Lewis-Jones DI, Trivers RL, Singh D, Thornhill R, et al. 2000. The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success. Evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? Evol Hum Behav 21:163–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning JT, Bundred PE. 2000. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a new predictor of disease predisposition? Med Hypoth 54:855–857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning JT, Fink B. 2008. Digit Ratio (2D:4D), dominance, reproductive success, asymmetry, and sociosexuality in the BBC Internet Study. Am J Hum Biol 20:451–461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning JT, Henzi P, Venkatramana P, Martin S, Singh D. 2003. Second to fourth digit ratio: ethnic differences and family size in English, Indian and South African populations. Ann Hum Biol 30:579–588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning JT, Scutt D, Wilson J, Lewis-Jones DI. 1998. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen. Hum Reprod 13:3000–3004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning JT, Wood S, Wang E, Walton J, Bunded PE, van Heyningen C, Lewis-Jones DI. 2004. Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and testosterone in men. Asian J Androl 6:211–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre MH, Cohn BA, Ellison PT. 2006. Sex Dimorphism in digital formulae of children. Am J Phys Anthropol 129:143–150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medland SE, Zayats T, Glaser B, Nyholt DR, Gordon SD, Wright M, Montgomery GW. 2010. A variant in LIN28B is associated with 2D:4D finger-length ratio, a putative retrospective biomarker of prenatal testosterone exposure. Am J Hum Genet 86:519–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller DC, Giles GG, Bassett J, Morris HA, Manning JT, Hopper JL, English DR, Severi G. 2011. Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and concentrations of circulating sex hormones in adulthood. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 9:57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ökten A, Kalyoncu M, Yariş N. 2002. The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Early Hum Develop 70:47–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putz DA, Gaulin SJC, Sporter RJ, McBurney DH. 2004. Sex hormones and finger length. What does 2D:4D indicate? Evol Hum Behav 25:182–199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronalds G, Phillips DI, Godfrey KM, Manning JT. 2002. The ratio of second to fourth digit lengths: a marker of impaired fetal growth? Early Hum Dev 68:21–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder ET, He J, Yarasheski KE, Binder EF, Kawakubo M, Roubenoff R, Azen SP, Sattler FR. 2012. Value of measuring muscle performance to assess changes in lean mass with testosterone and growth hormone supplementation. Eur J Appl Physiol 112:1123–1131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seo H, Kim KY, Rho J. 2010. Is the index finger and ring finger ratio (2D: 4D) reliable predictor of semen quality? Korean J Urol 51:208–211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorokowski P, Sorokowska A, Danel D, Mberira ML, Pokrywka L. 2012. The second to fourth digit ratio and age at first marriage in semi-nomadic people from Namibia. Arch Sex Behav 41:703–710
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanner JM. 1990. Foetus into man: physical growth from conception to maturity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
   Google Scholar
• Van Dongen S. 2009. Second to fourth digit ratio in relation to age, BMI and life history in a population of young adults: a set of unexpected results. J Neg Res Ecol Evol Biol 6:1–7
   Google Scholar
• Vermeulen A, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM. 1999. Testosterone, body composition and aging. J Endocrinol Invest 22:110–116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voracek M. 2009. Who wants to believe? Associations between digit ratio (2D:4D) and paranormal and superstitious beliefs. Pers Individ Diff 47:105–109
   Google Scholar
• Voracek M, Pum U, Dressler SG. 2010. Investigating digit ratio (2D:4D) in a highly male-dominated occupation: the case of fire-fighters. Scand J Psychol 51:146–156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available online at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/publications/technical_report_pub/en/ (accessed 23 September 2013)
   Google Scholar
• Zhao D, Li B, Yu K, Zheng L. 2012. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and handgrip strength in subjects of Han ethnicity: impact of sex and age. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:266–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar