Sex-specific lean body mass predictive equations are accurate in the obese paediatric population

References

• Bella JN, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, O'grady MJ, Welty TK, Leem ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. 1998. Relations of left ventricular mass to fat-free and adipose body mass: the strong heart study. The Strong Heart Study Investigators. Circulation 98:2538–2544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chantler PD, Clements RE, Sharp L, George KP, Tan LB, Goldspink DF. 2005. The influence of body size on measurements of overall cardiac function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289:H2059–2065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chowdhury SM, Henshaw MH, Friedman B, Saul JP, Shirali GS, Carter J, Levitan BM, Hulsey T. 2014. Lean body mass may explain apparent racial differences in carotid intima-media thickness in obese children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27:561–567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collis T, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, De Simone G, Yeh J, Howard BV, Fabsitz RR, Welty TK. 2001. Relations of stroke volume and cardiac output to body composition: the strong heart study. Circulation 103:820–825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuspidi C, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Sala C, Tadic M, Grassi G, Mancia G. 2015. Prognostic value of left ventricular mass normalized to different body size indexes: findings from the PAMELA population. J Hypertens 33:1082--1089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Morrison JA, Khoury P, Meyer RA. 1995a. Indexing left ventricular mass to account for differences in body size in children and adolescents without cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 76:699–701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Morrison JA, Khoury P, Witt S, Meyer RA. 1995b. Effect of lean body mass, fat mass, blood pressure, and sexual maturation on left ventricular mass in children and adolescents. Statistical, biological, and clinical significance. Circulation 92:3249–3254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Simone G, Daniels SR, Devereux RB, Meyer RA, Roman MJ, De Divitiis O, Alderman MH. 1992. Left ventricular mass and body size in normotensive children and adults: assessment of allometric relations and impact of overweight. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:1251–1260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Simone G, Kizer JR, Chinali M, Roman MJ, Bella JN, Best LG, Lee ET, Devereux RB. 2005. Normalization for body size and population-attributable risk of left ventricular hypertrophy: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 18:191–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey FE, Rosenthal D, Murphy DJ, Jr Froelicher VF, Ashley EA. 2008. Does size matter? Clinical applications of scaling cardiac size and function for body size. Circulation 117:2279–2287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher SD, Easley KA, Orav EJ, Colan SD, Kaplan S, Starc TJ, Bricker JT, et al. 2005. Mild dilated cardiomyopathy and increased left ventricular mass predict mortality: the prospective P2C2 HIV Multicenter Study. Am Heart J 150:439–447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster BJ, Gao T, Mackie AS, Zemel BS, Ali H, Platt RW, Colan SD. 2013. Limitations of expressing left ventricular mass relative to height and to body surface area in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26:410–418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster BJ, Mackie AS, Mitsnefes M, Ali H, Mamber S, Colan SD. 2008. A novel method of expressing left ventricular mass relative to body size in children. Circulation 117:2769–2775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster BJ, Platt RW, Zemel BS. 2012. Development and validation of a predictive equation for lean body mass in children and adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 39:171–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George KP, Birch KM, Pennell DJ, Myerson SG. 2009. Magnetic-resonance-imaging-derived indices for the normalization of left ventricular morphology by body size. Magn Reson Imaging 27:207–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hense HW, Gneiting B, Muscholl M, Broeckel U, Kuch B, Doering A, Riegger GA, Schunkert H. 1998. The associations of body size and body composition with left ventricular mass: impacts for indexation in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:451–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuch B, Gneiting B, Doring A, Muscholl M, Brockel U, Schunkert H, Hense HW. 2001. Indexation of left ventricular mass in adults with a novel approximation for fat-free mass. J Hypertens 19:135–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuch B, Hense HW, Gneiting B, Doring A, Muscholl M, Brockel U, Schunkert H. 2000. Body composition and prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 102:405–410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manyari DE. 1990. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 323:1706–1707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeller DA, Tylavsky FA, Baer DJ, Chumlea WC, Earthman CP, Fuerst T, Harris TB, et al. 2005. QDR 4500A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer underestimates fat mass in comparison with criterion methods in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 81:1018–1025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluysmans T, Colan SD. 2005. Theoretical and empirical derivation of cardiovascular allometric relationships in children. J Appl Physiol (1985) 99:445–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suda K, Kohl T, Kovalchin JP, Silverman NH. 1997. Echocardiographic predictors of poor outcome in infants with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 80:595–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumbo P, Schlicker S, Yates AA, Poos M, Food & Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine TNA. 2002. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. J Am Diet Assoc 102:1621–1630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. 2004. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114:555–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar