88
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Hypertension and its correlates in two communities of dissimilar genetic ancestry in Sikkim, India

, , &
Pages 23-43 | Received 10 Nov 2008, Accepted 27 Jul 2009, Published online: 25 Oct 2009

References

  • Ala L, Gill G, Gurgel R, Cuevas L. 2004. Evidence for affluence-related hypertension in urban Brazil. J Hum Hypertens 18:775–779.
  • Barlassina C, Lanzani C, Manunta P, Bianchi G. 2002. Genetics of essential hypertension: From families to genes. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:S155–S164.
  • Beaglehole R. 1990. International trends in coronary heart disease mortality, morbidity and risk factors. Epidemiol Rev 12:1–15.
  • Bhopal R, Sengupta-Wiebe S. 2000. Cardiovascular risks and outcomes: Ethnic variations in hypertensive patients. Heart 83:495–496.
  • Bolli P. 2005. The question of the role of ethnicity on cardiovascular risk: Does it matter where we come from? J Hypertens 23:1331–1333.
  • Brady CB, Spiro III A, Gaziano JM. 2005. Effects of age and hypertension study on cognition: the veterans affairs normative aging study. Neuropsychology 19:770–777.
  • Carretero OA, Oparil S. 2000. Essential hypertension: Part II: Treatment. Circulation 101:446–453.
  • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR 2003. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Joint National Committee on Prevention Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordination Committee. 2003. The seventh report of the joint national committee in prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure, The JNC 7 report. J Am Med Assoc 289:2560–2572.
  • Das SK, Sanyal K, Basu A. 2005. Study of urban community survey in India: Growing trend of high prevalence of hypertension in developing country. Int J Med Sci 2:70–78.
  • Deshmukh PR, Gupta SS, Dongre AR 2006. Relationship of anthropometric indicators with blood pressure levels in rural Wardha. Indian J Med Res 123:657–664.
  • Dhamala RR, Rai CD, Dutta MS, Ghatak S, editors. 1993. People of India: Sikkim, vol. 39. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India and Seagull Books.
  • Dressler WW, Bindon JR. 1997. Social status, social context, and arterial blood pressure. Am J Phys Anthropol 102:55–66.
  • Dressler WW, Oths KS, Gravlee CC. 2005. Race and ethnicity in public health research: Models to explain health disparities. Annu Rev Anthropol 34:231–252.
  • Ghosh R. 2007. Microlevel determinants of blood pressure among women of two ethnic groups in a periurban area of Kolkata city, India. Am J Hum Biol 19:409–415.
  • Griner PF, Mayewski RJ, Muslim AI, Greeland P. 1981. Selection and interpretation of diagnostic tests and procedures. Ann Intern Med 94:555–592.
  • Indech GD, Sanjeev, Jit I, Johnston FE. 1991. Age, sex and socioeconomic correlates of fat patterning among adults from the Chandigarh zone of northwest India. Ann Hum Biol 18:463–470.
  • IDF (International Diabetes Federation). 2005. The IDF Consensus Worldwide Definition of Metabolic syndrome. www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Metabolic_syndrome_definition.pdf. (Accessed on 10 December 2008).
  • JNC. 1997. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413–2446.
  • Kusuma YS, Babu BV, Naidu JM. 2002. Blood pressure levels among cross-sectional populations of Visakhapatanam district, Andhra Pradesh., India. Ann Hum Biol 29:502–512.
  • Leino M, Raitakari OT, Porkka KVK, Taimela S, Viikari JSA. 1999. Association of education with cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Int J Epidemiol 28:667–675.
  • Lloyd-Jones DM, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Patel AS, Matthews KA, Pasternak RC, Everson-Rose SA, Scuteri A, Chae CU. 2005. Ethnic variation in hypertension among premenopausal and perimenopausal women: study of women’s health across the nation. Hypertension 46:689–695.
  • Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. 1988. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
  • Mohanty SA, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, Bor DH. 2005. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease among Asian Indians in the United States. J Gen Intern Med 20:474–478.
  • Mukhopadhyay B, Mukhopadhyay S. 2001. Blood pressure and its biocultural correlates among the Lepchas of Sikkim, India: A microlevel epidemiological study. Coll Antropol 25:97–110.
  • Parker ED, Schmitz KH, Jacobs DR, Dengel DR, Schreiner PJ. 2007. Physical activity in young adults and incidental hypertension over 15 years of follow-up: The CARDIA study. Am J Public Health 97:1–7.
  • Quasem I, Shetye MS, Alex SC 2001. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among the elderly in Bangladesh and India: A multicentre study. Bull World Health Organ 79:490–500.
  • Reddy KS, Shah B, Varghese C, Ramadoss A. 2005. Responding to the threat of chronic diseases in India. Lancet 366:1746–1751.
  • Reddy KS, Yusuf S. 1998. Emergence epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. Circulation 97:596–601.
  • Sarkar S, Das M, Mukhopadhyay B, Chakrabarti CS, Majumdar PP. 2006. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its correlates in two tribal population of India & the impact of urbanization. Indian J Med Res 123:679–686.
  • Sarkar S. 2007. Risk of cardiovascular disease in relation to contrasting lifestyles among the Bhutias of Sikkim. Unpublished PhD thesis submitted and awarded by University of Calcutta.
  • Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ. 2004. Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 113:475–482.
  • Vorster HH. 2002. The emergence of cardiovascular diseases during urbanisation of Africans. Public Health Nutr 5: 239–243.
  • Wood DM, Mould MG, Ong SBY, Baker EH. 2005. ‘Pack year’ smoking histories: What about patients who use loose tobacco? Tob Control 14:141–142.
  • WHO-WPR (World Health Organization Western Pacific Region). 2000. International Association for the Study of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force. The Asia Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment. Crows Nest, NSW, Australia.
  • WHO/ISH (World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group). 2003. World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 21:1983–1992.
  • WHO (World Health Organization). 1995. Physical status: Use and interpretation of anthropometry. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 845:1–452.
  • Yu Z, Nissinen A, Vartianen E, Song G, Guo Z, Tian H. 2000. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors in different socioeconomic groups: Seven year trends in a Chinese urban population. J Epidemiol Community Health 54:692–696.
  • Zachariah MG, Thankappan KR, Alex SC, Sarma PS, Vasan RS. 2003. Prevalence, correlates, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in middle-aged urban population in Kerala. Indian Heart J 55:245–251.
  • Zhu S, Heymsfield SB, Toyoshima H., Wang Z, Pietrobelli A., Heshka S. 2005. Race–ethnicity-specific waist circumference cutoffs for identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 81:409–415.
  • Zweig MH, Campbell G. 1993. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: A fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine. Clin Chem 39:561–577.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.