Biomechanical measurement of fracture healing

References

• Evans M., Kenwright J., Cunningham J. L. Design and performance of a fracture monitoring transducer. Journal of Biomedical Engineering 1988; 10: 64–69
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham J. L., Evans M., Kenwright J. Mechanical measurements of fracture repair. The Changing Role of Engineering in Orthopaedics, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London 1989; 133–138
   Google Scholar
• Kenwright J., Richardson J. B., Goodship A. E., Evans M., Kelly D. J., Spriggins A. J., Newman J. H., Burrough S. J., Harris J. D., Rowley D. I. Effect of controlled axial micromovement on healing of tibial fractures. Lancet 1986; ii: 1185–1187
   Google Scholar
• Richardson J. B., Kenwright J., Cunningham J. L., Beavis A., Evans M., Tew T. Clinical applications of fracture stiffness measurements. Annual Report of the Oxford Orthopaedic Engineering Centre 1987; 14: 61–65
   Google Scholar
• Lippert F. G., Hirsch C. The three dimensional measurement of tibial fracture movement by photogrammetry. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1974; 105: 130–143
   Google Scholar
• Hammer R., Edholm P., Lindholm B. Stability of union after tibial shaft fracture. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1984; 66B: 529–534
   Google Scholar
• Hammer R. R. R. Strength of union in human tibial shaft fracture. A prospective study of 104 cases. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1985; 199: 226–232
   Google Scholar
• Jernberger A. Measurement of stability of tibial fractures. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1970, Suppl. 135
   Google Scholar
• Jorgensen T. E. Measurements of stability of crural fractures treated with Hoffmann osteotaxis. 2. Measurements on crural fractures. Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1972; 43: 207–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen T. E. Measurements of stability of crural fractures treated with Hoffmann osteotaxis. 3. The uncomplicated, terminal phase of healing of crural fractures. Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1972; 43: 264–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burny F., Donkerwolcke M., Bourgois R., Domb M., Saric O. Twenty years experience in fracture healing measurements with strain gauges. Orthopaedics 1984; 7: 1823–1826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burny F., Zucman J., Bourgois R., Aubriot J. H., Sedel J. Utilisation des jauges extensometriques pour la mesure de la consolidation des fractures du tibia traitees, par enclouage centromedullaire. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica 1971; 37: 266–277
   Google Scholar
• Burny F., Donkerwolcke M., Bourgois R., Saric O. Nail plates instrumented with strain gauges: review of the first 100 cases of fractures of the upper extremity of the femur. Biomechanical Measurement in Orthopaedic Practice, M. Whittle, D. Harris. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1985; 36–43
   Google Scholar
• Tanner K. E., Churches A. E. Fracture stiffness. External Fixation and Functional Bracing, R. R. H. Coombs, S. A. Green, A. A. Sarmiento. Orthotext, London 1989; 101–103
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham J. L., Evans M., Harris J. D., Kenwright J. The measurement of stiffness of fractures treated with external fixation. Engineering in Medicine 1987; 16: 229–232
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham J. L., Richardson J. B., Soriano R. M. G., Kenwright J. A mechanical assessment of applied compression and healing in keee arthrodesis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1989; 242: 256–264
   Google Scholar
• Richards J., Thorne G., Mintowt-Czyz W. J. Fracture healing assessment through instrumentation of external fixator pins. Advances in Bioengineering, A. Erdman. ASME, New York 1987; 93–94
   Google Scholar
• An K.-N., Kasman R. A., Chao E. Y. S. Theoretical analysis of fracture healing monitoring with external fixators. Engineering Medicine 1988; 17: 11–15
   Google Scholar
• Kay P. R., Ross E. R. S., Powell E. S. Development and clinical application of an external fixator monitoring system. Journal of Biomedical Engineering 1989; 11: 240–244
   Google Scholar
• Richards J. Stiffness in healing fractures. CRC Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 1987; 15: 145–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudek T. J. Youngs and shear moduli of unidirectional composites by a resonant beam method. Journal of Composite Materials 1970; 4: 232–241
   Google Scholar
• Doherty W. P., Bovill E. G., Wilson E. L. Evaluation of the use of resonant frequencies to characterise physical properties of human long bones. Journal of Biomechanics 1974; 7: 559–561
   Google Scholar
• Thompson G. A., Orne D., Young D. R. In vivo determination of the mechanical properties of the human ulna by means of mechanical impedance tests: experimental results and improved mathematical model. Medical and Biological Engineering 1976; 14: 253–262
   Google Scholar
• Jurist J. M. In vivo determination of the elastic response of bone. II. Ulnar resonant frequency in osteoporotic, diabetic and normal subjects. Physical Medicine and Biology 1970; 15: 427–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele C. R., Zhou L-J, Guido D., Marcus R., Heinrichs W. L., Cheema C. Noninvasive determination of ulnar stiffness from mechanical response - in vivo comparison of stiffness and bone mineral content in humans. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1988; 110: 87–96
   Google Scholar
• Stussi E., Fah D. Assessment of bone mineral content by in-vivo measurement of flexural wave velocities. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 1988; 26: 349–354
   Google Scholar
• Christensen A. B., Amitzboll F., Dyrbye C., Cornelissen M., Cornelissen P., Van der Perre G. Assessment of tibial stiffness by vibration testing in situ - I. Identification of mode shapes in different supporting conditions. Journal of Biomechanics 1986; 19: 53–60
   Google Scholar
• Van der Perre G., Van Audekercke R., Martens M., Mulier J. C. Identification of in-vivo vibration modes of human tibiae by modal analysis. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1983; 105: 244–248
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collier R. J., Donarski R. J. Non-invasive method of measuring resonant frequency of a human tibia in vivo. Journal of Biomedical Engineering 1987; 9: 321–331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelker R. R., Saha S. Wave propagation across a bony discontinuity simulating a healing fracture. Journal of Biomechanics 1985; 18: 745–753
   Google Scholar
• Nokes L., Mintowt-Czyz W. J., Fairclough J. A., Mackie I., Williams J. Vibration analysis in the assessment of conservatively managed tibial fractures. Journal of Biomedical Engineering 1985; 7: 40–44
   Google Scholar
• Sonstegard D. A., Matthews L. S. Sonic diagnosis of bone fracture healing—a preliminary study. Journal of Biomechanics 1976; 9: 689–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Perre G. Dynamic analysis of human bones. Functional Behaviour of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, P. Ducheyne, G. W. Hastings. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 1984; 99–159
   Google Scholar
• Nokes L. D. M., Thorne G. C. Vibrations in orthopaedics. CRC Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 1988; 15: 309–349
   Google Scholar
• Heaney R. P., Avioli L. V., Chesnut C. H., Lappe J., Recker R. R., Brandenburger G. H. Osteoporotic bone fragility. Detection by ultrasound transmission velocity. Journal of the American Medical Association 1989; 261: 2986–2990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin C. T., Pratt G. W., Porter A. L., Lanyon L. E., Poss R. The use of ultrasound in vivo to determine acute change in the mechanical properties of bone following intense physical activity. Journal of Biomechanics 1987; 20: 723–727
   Google Scholar
• Siegel I. M., Anast G. T., Fields T. The determination of fracture healing by measurement of sound velocity across the fracture site. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 1958; 107: 327–332
   Google Scholar
• Abendschein W. F., Hyatt G. W. Ultrasonics and the physical properties of healing bone. Journal of Trauma 1972; 12: 297–301
   Google Scholar
• Gerlanc M., Haddad D., Hyatt G. W., Langloh J. T., St Hilaire P. Ultrasonic study of normal and fractured bone. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1975; 111: 175–180
   Google Scholar
• Brown S. A., Mayor M. B. Ultrasonic assessment of early callus formation. Biomedical Engineering 1976; 11: 124–127
   Google Scholar
• Gill P. J., Kernohan G., Mawhinney I. N., Mollan R. A. B., McIlhagger R. Investigation of the mechanical properties of bone using ultrasound. Proceeding of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H. Journal of Engineering in Medicine 1989; 203: 61–63
   Google Scholar
• Mawhinney I. N. Bone and ultrasound. M. D. Thesis, Queen's University of Belfast. 1989
   Google Scholar
• Richardson J. B. The mechanics of fracture healing. M. D. Thesis, University of Aberdeen. 1989
   Google Scholar
• Churches A. E., Tanner K. E., Harris J. D. The Oxford external fixator: fixator stiffness and the effects of bone pin loosening. Engineering in Medicine 1985; 14: 3–11
   Google Scholar
• Goss S. A., Johnston R. L., Dunn F. Comprehensive compilation of empirical ultrasound properties of mammalian tissues. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 1978; 64: 423–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar