The ability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to alter physiological factors underlying drug disposition

References

• Aboutabl, M. E., Zordoky, B. N., El-Kadi, A. O. (2009). 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene modulate cardiac cytochrome P450 gene expression and arachidonic acid metabolism in male Sprague Dawley rats. Br J Pharmacol 158:1808–1819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achten, C., Hofmann, T. (2009). Native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in coals—a hardly recognized source of environmental contamination. Sci Total Environ 407:2461–2473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman, W. E. 3rd, Ahmad, M. (2007). Effect of cigarette smoking on serum hydrocodone levels in chronic pain patients. J Ark Med Soc 104:19–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen, V., Sonne, J., Sletting, S., Prip, A. (2000). The volume of the liver in patients correlates to body weight and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol 35:531–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. E., Schneider, J., Pantuck, E. J., Pantuck, C. B., Mudge, G. H., Welch, R. M., et al. (1983). Acetaminophen metabolism in subjects fed charcoal-broiled beef. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34:369–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anttila, S., Tuominen, P., Hirvonen, A., Nurminen, M., Karjalainen, A., Hankinson, O., et al. (2001). CYP1A1 levels in lung tissue of tobacco smokers and polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and aromatic hydrocarbon receptor. Pharmacogenetics 11:501–509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aoshima, T., Fukasawa, T., Otsuji, Y., Okuyama, N., Gerstenberg, G., Miura, M., et al. (2003). Effects of the CYP2C19 genotype and cigarette smoking on the single oral dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of estazolam. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27:535–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman, J. T., Schroder, M. T., Neuvonen, P. J. (2008). Effects of gender and moderate smoking on the pharmacokinetics and effects of the CYP1A2 substrate tizanidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 64:17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek, S. O., Field, R. A., Goldstone, M. E., Kirk, P. W., Lester, J. N., Perry, R. (1991). A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, fate, and behavior. Water Air Soil Pollut 60:279–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargout, R., Jankov, A., Dincer, E., Wang, R., Komodromos, T., Ibarra-Sunga, O., et al. (2000). Amiodarone induces apoptosis of human and rat alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 278:L1039–L1044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedek, I. H., Blouin, R. A., Mcnamara, P. J. (1984). Influence of smoking on serum protein composition and the protein binding of drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 36:214–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonati, M., Latini, R., Marzi, E., Cantoni, R., Belvedere, G. (1980). [2-14C]caffeine metabolism in control and 3-methylcholanthrene induced rat liver microsomes by high pressure liquid chromatography. Toxicol Lett 7:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, J. A. (1983). Some biotransformation enzymes responsible for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in rat nasal turbinates: effects on enzyme activities of in vitro modifiers and intraperitoneal and inhalation exposure of rats to inducing agents. Cancer Res 43:4805–4811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branch, R. A., Shand, D. G., Wilkinson, G. R., Nies, A. S. (1974). Increased clearance of antipyrine and d-propranolol after phenobarbital treatment in the monkey. Relative contributions of enzyme induction and increased hepatic blood flow. J Clin Invest 53:1101–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocks, D. R., Mehvar, R. (2010). Rate and extent of drug accumulation after multiple dosing revisited. Clin Pharmacokinet 49:421–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchthal, J., Grund, K. E., Buchmann, A., Schrenk, D., Beaune, P., Bock, K. W. (1995). Induction of cytochrome P4501A by smoking or omeprazole in comparison with UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in biopsies of human duodenal mucosa. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 47:431–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, R. K., Thorgeirsson, S. S. (1988). Coinduction of MDR-1 multidrug-resistance and cytochrome P-450 genes in rat liver by xenobiotics. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:1383–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaghan, J. T., Bergstrom, R. F., Ptak, L. R., Beasley, C. M. (1999). Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Clin Pharmacokinet 37:177–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo, L., Buratti, M., Fustinoni, S., Cirla, P.E., Martinotti, I., Longhi, O., et al. (2006). Evaluation of exposure to PAHs in asphalt workers by environmental and biological monitoring. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1076:405–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, D., Yoon, C. H., Shin, B. S., Kim, C. H., Park, E. S., Yoo, S. D. (2005). Effects of aloe, aloesin, or propolis on the pharmacokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene and 3-OH-benzo[a]pyrene in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 68:2227–2238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo, J. A., Herraiz, A. G., Ramos, S. I., Gervasini, G., Vizcaino, S., Benitez, J. (2003). Role of the smoking-induced cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2 and polymorphic CYP2D6 in steady-state concentration of olanzapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23:119–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castorena-Torres, F., Bermudez De Leon, M., Cisneros, B., Zapata-Perez, O., Salinas, J. E., Albores, A. (2008). Changes in gene expression induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the human cell lines HepG2 and A549. Toxicol In Vitro 22:411–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, T. K., Chen, J., Pillay, V., Ho, J. Y., Bandiera, S. M. (2003). Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of CYP1B1 gene expression in human liver. Toxicol Sci 71:11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, B. T., Weber, R. E., Yeh, H. C., Lundgren, D. L., Snipes, M. B., Mauderly, J. L. (1989). Deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol 13:429–438.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chieli, E., Santoni-Rugiu, E., Cervelli, F., Sabbatini, A., Petrini, M., Romiti, N., et al. (1994). Differential modulation of P-glycoprotein expression by dexamethasone and 3-methylcholanthrene in rat hepatocyte primary cultures. Carcinogenesis 15:335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome, L., Stauffer, V. L., Chen, L., Kinon, B. J., Kurtz, D. L., Jacobson, J. G., et al. (2009). Olanzapine plasma concentrations after treatment with 10, 20, and 40 mg/d in patients with schizophrenia: an analysis of correlations with efficacy, weight gain, and prolactin concentration. J Clin Psychopharmacol 29:278–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conus, P., Bondolfi, G., Eap, C. B., Macciardi, F., Baumann, P. (1996). Pharmacokinetic fluvoxamine-clomipramine interaction with favorable therapeutic consequences in therapy-resistant depressive patient. Pharmacopsychiatry 29:108–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crofts, F., Taioli, E., Trachman, J., Cosma, G. N., Currie, D., Toniolo, P., et al. (1994). Functional significance of different human CYP1A1 genotypes. Carcinogenesis 15:2961–2963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danhof, M., Krom, D. P., Breimer, D. D. (1979). Studies on the different metabolic pathways of antipyrine in rats: influence of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene treatment. Xenobiotica 9:695–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darby, T. D., Mcnamee, J. E., Van Rossum, J. M. (1984). Cigarette smoking pharmacokinetics and its relationship to smoking behaviour. Clin Pharmacokinet 9:435–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, Y. S., Yan, X. J., Jain, R. B., Lopp, E., Tavakoli, A., Polzin, G. M., et al. (2006). Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from U.S. brand and non-U.S. brand cigarettes. Environ Sci Technol 40:1133–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donato, M. T., Hallifax, D., Picazo, L., Castell, J. V., Houston, J. B., Gomez-Lechon, M. J., et al. Metabolite formation kinetics and intrinsic clearance of phenacetin, tolbutamide, alprazolam, and midazolam in adenoviral P450-transfected HepG2 cells and comparison with hepatocytes and in vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2010;38:1449–1455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, S. X., Ping, Z. Z., Xiao, W. Z., Shu, C. C., Bartoli, A., Gatti, G., et al. (1998). Effect of active and passive cigarette smoking on CYP1A2-mediated phenacetin disposition in Chinese subjects. Ther Drug Monit 20:371–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dullaart, R. P., Hoogenberg, K., Dikkeschei, B. D., Van Tol, A. (1994). Higher plasma lipid transfer protein activities and unfavorable lipoprotein changes in cigarette-smoking men. Arterioscler Thromb 14:1581–1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumez, H., Guetens, G., De Boeck, G., Highley, M. S., De Bruijn, E. A., Van Oosterom, A. T., et al. (2005). In vitro partition of irinotecan (CPT-11) in human volunteer blood: the influence of concentration, gender, and smoking. Anticancer Drugs 16:893–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, D. L., Klaassen, C. D. (1979). Effects of microsomal enzyme inducers on carrier-mediated transport systems in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 208:381–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echt, D. S., Liebson, P. R., Mitchell, L. B., Peters, R. W., Obias-Manno, D., Barker, A. H., et al. (1991). Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med 324:781–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, D. J., Axelson, J. E., Visco, J. P., Vanevery, S., Slaughter, R. L., Lalka, D. (1987). Lack of effect of smoking on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of quinidine in patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 23:351–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichelbaum, M., Ochs, H. R., Roberts, G., Somogyi, A. (1982). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of antipyrine (phenazone) after intravenous and oral administration. Arzneimittelforschung 32:575–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbekai, R. H., Korashy, H. M., Wills, K., Gharavi, N., El-Kadi, A. O. (2004). Benzo[a]pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and beta-naphthoflavone induce oxidative stress in hepatoma hepa 1c1c7 cells by an AHR-dependent pathway. Free Radic Res 38:1191–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldon, M. A., Luecker, P. W., Macgee, J., Ritschel, W. A. (1987). The effect of acute withdrawal from cigarette smoking on indocyanine green and antipyrine clearance. J Clin Pharmacol 27:226–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elovaara, E., Mikkola, J., Stockmann-Juvala, H., Luukkanen, L., Keski-Hynnila, H., Kostiainen, R., et al. (2007). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolizing enzyme activities in human lung, and their inducibility by exposure to naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(a)pyrene as shown in the rat lung and liver. Arch Toxicol 81:169–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsherbiny, M. E., Brocks, D. R. (2010). The effect of CYP1A induction on amiodarone disposition in the rat. J Pharm Sci 99:539–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsherbiny, M. E., El-Kadi, A. O., Brocks, D. R. (2008). The metabolism of amiodarone by various CYP isoenzymes of human and rat, and the inhibitory influence of ketoconazole. J Pharm Pharm Sci 11:147–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsherbiny, M. E., El-Kadi, A. O., Brocks, D. R. (2010). The effect of beta-naphthoflavone on the metabolism of amiodarone by hepatic and extra-hepatic microsomes. Toxicol Lett 195:147–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ereshefsky, L., Saklad, S. R., Watanabe, M. D., Davis, C. M., Jann, M. W. (1991). Thiothixene pharmacokinetic interactions: a study of hepatic enzyme inducers, clearance inhibitors, and demographic variables. J Clin Psychopharmacol 11:296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabre, G., Julian, B., Saint-Aubert, B., Joyeux, H., Berger, Y. (1993). Evidence for CYP3A-mediated N-deethylation of amiodarone in human liver microsomal fractions. Drug Metab Dispos 21:978–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fair, P. A., Adams, J., Mitchum, G., Hulsey, T. C., Reif, J. S., Houde, M., et al. (2010). Contaminant blubber burdens in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from two southeastern US estuarine areas: concentrations and patterns of PCBs, pesticides, PBDEs, PFCs, and PAHs. Sci Total Environ 408:1577–1597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanta, S., Jonsson, S., Backman, J. T., Karlsson, M. O., Hoppu, K. (2007). Developmental pharmacokinetics of ciclosporin—a population pharmacokinetic study in paediatric renal transplant candidates. Br J Clin Pharmacol 64:772–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farabos, C., Haaz, M. C., Gires, P., Robert, J. (2001). Hepatic extraction, metabolism, and biliary excretion of irinotecan in the isolated perfused rat liver. J Pharm Sci 90:722–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardel, O., Lecureur, V., Corlu, A., Guillouzo, A. (1996). P-glycoprotein induction in rat liver epithelial cells in response to acute 3-methylcholanthrene treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 51:1427–1436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana, R. J., Lown, K. S., Paine, M. F., Fortlage, L., Santella, R. M., Felton, J. S., et al. (1999). Effects of a chargrilled meat diet on expression of CYP3A, CYP1A, and P-glycoprotein levels in healthy volunteers. Gastroenterology 117:89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foth, H., Kahl, R., Kahl, G. F. (1988). Pharmacokinetics of low doses of benzo[a]pyrene in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 26:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukasawa, T., Yasui-Furukori, N., Aoshima, T., Suzuki, A., Tateishi, T., Otani, K. (2004). Single oral dose pharmacokinetics of quazepam is influenced by CYP2C19 activity. Ther Drug Monit 26:529–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabr, R. Q., Elsherbiny, M. E., Somayaji, V., Pollak, P. T., Brocks, D. R. (2011). A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for nicotine and cotinine; utility in screening tobacco exposure in patients taking amiodarone. Biomed Chromatogr Epub Feb 10. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1581.
   Google Scholar
• Gant, T. W., Silverman, J. A., Bisgaard, H. C., Burt, R. K., Marino, P. A., Thorgeirsson, S. S. (1991). Regulation of 2-acetylaminofluorene- and 3-methylcholanthrene-mediated induction of multidrug resistance and cytochrome P450IA gene family expression in primary hepatocyte cultures and rat liver. Mol Carcinog 4:499–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, R., Enewold, L., Pellizzari, E., Beach, J. B., Bowman, E. D., Krishnan, S. S., et al. (2001). Smoking increases carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human lung tissue. Cancer Res 61:6367–6371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer, G., Naujack, K. W., Dettbarn, G. (1987). Gaschromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aza-arenes, aromatic amines in the particle, and vapor phase of mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes. Toxicol Lett 35:117–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groen, K., Breimer, D. D., Van Bezooijen, C. F. (1992). Metabolism of simultaneously administered antipyrine and theophylline in male BN/BiRij rats before and after induction with 3-methylcholanthrene. Drug Metab Dispos 20:502–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guengerich, F. P., Dannan, G. A., Wright, S. T., Martin, M. V., Kaminsky, L. S. (1982). Purification and characterization of liver microsomal cytochromes p-450: electrophoretic, spectral, catalytic, and immunochemical properties and inducibility of eight isozymes isolated from rats treated with phenobarbital or beta-naphthoflavone. Biochemistry 21:6019–6030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M., Wolf, J. L., Rusk, J., Beard, S. E., Clark, G. M., Witt, K., et al. (2006). Effects of smoking on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib. Clin Cancer Res 12:2166–2171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haughey, D. B., Jusko, W. J. (1988). Theophylline disposition in foundry workers exposed to coke oven effluent. Biopharm Drug Dispos 9:405–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegewisch-Becker, S., Szudra, A., Hossfeld, D. K. (1993). Exposure to lipophilic industrial solvents leads to increased P-glycoprotein expression in peripheral blood cells. Br J Haematol 85:220–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, R. F., Henry, D. A., Brent, P. J. (1989). Enzyme induction by eating charcoal-grilled steak with no effect on blood lipids. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 16:783–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez, F., Portoles, T., Pitarch, E., Lopez, F. J. (2009). Searching for anthropogenic contaminants in human breast adipose tissues using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 44:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds, W., First, M. W., Huber, G. L., Shea, J. W. (1983). A method for measuring respiratory deposition of cigarette smoke during smoking. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44:113–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitzl, M., Klein, K., Zanger, U. M., Fritz, P., Nussler, A. K., Neuhaus, P., et al. (2003). Influence of omeprazole on multidrug resistance protein 3 expression in human liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 304:524–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, D. W., Tucker, G. T., Jackson, P. R., Storey, G. C. (1983). Amiodarone pharmacokinetics. Am Heart J 106:840–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horai, Y., Ishizaki, T., Sasaki, T., Chiba, K., Suganuma, T., Echizen, H., et al. (1983). Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of theophylline in plain uncoated and sustained-release dosage forms in relation to smoking habit. I. Single dose study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 24:79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horai, Y., Ishizaki, T., Sasaki, T., Watanabe, M., Kabe, J. (1982). Individualized aminophylline therapy in patients with obstructive airway disease: oral dosage prediction from an intravenous test dose. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 23:111–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, W., Caudill, S. P., Grainger, J., Needham, L. L., Patterson, D. G. Jr. (2006). Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene and other monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children: a study based on U.S. reference range values. Toxicol Lett 163:10–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huet, P. M., Lelorier, J. (1980). Effects of smoking and chronic hepatitis B on lidocaine and indocyanine green kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28:208–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, A. N., O’Brien, M. E., Petty, W. J., Chick, J. B., Rankin, E., Woll, P. J., et al. (2009). Overcoming CYP1A1/1A2 mediated induction of metabolism by escalating erlotinib dose in current smokers. J Clin Oncol 27:1220–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hukkanen, J., Jacob Iii, P., Peng, M., Dempsey, D., Benowitz, N. L. (2009). Effects of nicotine on cytochrome P450 2A6 and 2E1 activities. Br J Clin Pharmacol 69:152–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, S. N., Jusko, W. J., Yurchak, A. M. (1976). Effect of smoking on theophylline disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19:546–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, M. R., Menelaou, A., Foster, D. J., Coller, J. K., Somogyi, A. A. (2004). CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 involvement in the primary oxidative metabolism of hydrocodone by human liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 57:287–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inaba, T., Mahon, W. A., Stone, R. M. (1979). Phenacetin concentrations in portal and hepatic venous blood in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 17:371–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacob, J., Grimmer, G., Dettbarn, G. (1999). Profile of urinary phenanthrene metabolites in smokers and non-smokers. Biomarkers 4:319–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, V. A., Luscombe, D. K., Kemp, H. (1980). Effects of age, cigarette smoking, and the oral contraceptive on the pharmacokinetics of clomipramine and its desmethyl metabolite during chronic dosing. J Int Med Res 8(Suppl 3):88–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson, T. N., Tucker, G. T., Tanner, M. S., Rostami-Hodjegan, A. (2005). Changes in liver volume from birth to adulthood: a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 11:1481–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokinen, M. J., Olkkola, K. T., Ahonen, J., Neuvonen, P. J. (2001). Effect of rifampin and tobacco smoking on the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 70:344–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongeneelen, F. J. (1997). Methods for routine biological monitoring of carcinogenic PAH-mixtures. Sci Total Environ 199:141–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, G. C., Boobis, A. R., Murray, S., Davies, D. S. (1982). Differential effects of 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbitone treatment on the oxidative metabolism of antipyrine in vitro by microsomal fractions of rat liver. Xenobiotica 12:509–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kall, M. A., Clausen, J. (1995). Dietary effect on mixed function P450 1A2 activity assayed by estimation of caffeine metabolism in man. Hum Exp Toxicol 14:801–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalow, W., Tang, B. K. (1991). Caffeine as a metabolic probe: exploration of the enzyme-inducing effect of cigarette smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 49:44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappas, A., Alvares, A. P., Anderson, K. E., Pantuck, E. J., Pantuck, C. B., Chang, R., et al. (1978). Effect of charcoal-broiled beef on antipyrine and theophylline metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 23:445–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karhunen, P. J., Penttila, A. (1987). Preneoplastic lesions of human liver. Hepatogastroenterology 34:10–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto, T., Yang, M., Kim, Y. D., Kim, H., Oyama, T., Isse, T., et al. (2007). Effects of lifestyle on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration. J Occup Health 49:183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith, I. M., Olson, E. B., Jr., Wilson, N. M., Jefcoate, C. R. (1987). Immunological identification and effects of 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital on rat pulmonary cytochrome P-450. Cancer Res 47:1878–1882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, A. A., Coppock, R. W., Schuler, M. M., Geleta, L. (2002). Biochemical changes as early stage systemic biomarkers of petroleum hydrocarbon exposure in rats. Toxicol Lett 134:195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klippert, P. J., Littel, R. J., Noordhoek, J. (1983). In vivo O-de-ethylation of phenacetin in 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats: gut wall and liver first-pass metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 225:153–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondraganti, S. R., Jiang, W., Jaiswal, A. K., Moorthy, B. (2008). Persistent induction of hepatic and pulmonary phase II enzymes by 3-methylcholanthrene in rats. Toxicol Sci 102:337–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondraganti, S. R., Muthiah, K., Jiang, W., Barrios, R., Moorthy, B. (2005). Effects of 3-methylcholanthrene on gene expression profiling in the rat using cDNA microarray analyses. Chem Res Toxicol 18:1634–1641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski, L. T., O’Connor, R. J. (2002). Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents. Tob Control 11(Suppl 1):I40– I50.
   Google Scholar
• Kuo, C. Y., Chang, S. H., Chien, Y. C., Chiang, F. Y., Wei, Y. C. (2006). Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs for the vendors of broiled food. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16:410–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurata, C. (2006). Medical check-up findings characteristic of smokers: aimed at improving smoking cessation interventions by physicians. Intern Med 45:1027–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushinsky, R., Louis, C. J. (1976). The effect of cigarette smoke on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P450 content in rat liver and lung microsomes. Oncology 33:197–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lainesse, C., Frank, D., Meucci, V., Intorre, L., Soldani, G., Doucet, M. (2006). Pharmacokinetics of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine after single-dose intravenous and oral administrations in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29:271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampen, A., Ebert, B., Stumkat, L., Jacob, J., Seidel, A. (2004). Induction of gene expression of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes and ABC-transport proteins by PAH and a reconstituted PAH mixture in human Caco-2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1681:38–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. C., Alexander, J., Autrup, H., Barlow, S., Crebelli, R., Gott, D., et al. (2002). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—occurrence in foods, dietary exposure and health effects. Brussels, European Commission Health and Consumer Protection, Directorate General, Task Force on Foods. Available at: http://envlit.ifremer.fr/content/download/29021/240594/version/1/file/out154_en.pdf. Accessed July 22, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. T., Brosen, K. (2005). Consumption of charcoal-broiled meat as an experimental tool for discerning CYP1A2-mediated drug metabolism in vivo. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 97:141–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latini, R., Reginato, R., Burlingame, A. L., Kates, R. E. (1984). High-performance liquid chromatographic isolation and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric identification of di-N-desethylamiodarone, a new metabolite of amiodarone in the dog. Biomed Mass Spectrom 11:466–471.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lechapt-Zalcman, E., Hurbain, I., Lacave, R., Commo, F., Urban, T., Antoine, M., et al. (1997). MDR1-Pgp 170 expression in human bronchus. Eur Respir J 10:1837–1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, J., Simon, A. C., Cambien, F. A., Beretti, C. (1987). Cigarette smoking and hypertension. Factors independently associated with blood hyperviscosity and arterial rigidity. Arteriosclerosis 7:572–577.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lijinsky, W. (1991). The formation and occurrence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons associated with food. Mutat Res 259:251–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limke, K. K., Shelton, A. R., Elliott, E. S. (2002). Fluvoxamine interaction with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother 36:1890–1892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, E. J., Ackman, M. L. (2010). Impact of tobacco smoking cessation on stable clozapine or olanzapine treatment. Ann Pharmacother 44:727–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, J. M., Cheng, X., Slitt, A. L., Dieter, M. Z., Klaassen, C. D. (2005). Induction of the multidrug resistance-associated protein family of transporters by chemical activators of receptor-mediated pathways in mouse liver. Drug Metab Dispos 33:956–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo, P. R. (2001). Effect of passive smoking on theophylline clearance in children. Ther Drug Monit 23:503–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier, V., Bourrie, M., Julian, B., Marti, E., Guillou, F., Berger, Y., et al. (2000). Expression and induction of CYP1A1/1A2, CYP2A6 and CYP3A4 in primary cultures of human hepatocytes: a 10-year follow-up. Xenobiotica 30:589–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir, D., Viau, A., Chu, I., Withey, J., Mcmullen, E. (1998). Pharmacokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in the rat. J Toxicol Environ Health A 53:507–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder, J. E., Brien, J. F., Racz, W. J., Takahashi, T., Massey, T. E. (2011). Mechanisms of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone cytotoxicity in nontransformed human peripheral lung epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 336:551–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naccarelli, G. V., Wolbrette, D. L., Dell’orfano, J. T., Patel, H. M., Luck, J. C. (2000). Amiodarone: what have we learned from clinical trials? Clin Cardiol 23:73–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima, T., Elovaara, E., Anttila, S., Hirvonen, A., Camus, A. M., Hayes, J. D., et al. (1995). Expression and polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase in human lungs: risk factors in smoking-related lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 16:707–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal, M. S., Zhu, J., Foster, W. G. (2008). Quantification of benzo[a]pyrene and other PAHs in the serum and follicular fluid of smokers versus non-smokers. Reprod Toxicol 25:100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nies, A. S., Wilkinson, G. R., Rush, B. D., Strother, J. R., Mcdevitt, D. G. (1976). Effects of alteration of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity on liver blood flow in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 25:1991–1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, T. R., Fulton, A., Burrows, G. D., Maguire, K. P. (1981). Pharmacokinetics of N-desmethyldiazepam after a single oral dose of clorazepate: the effect of smoking. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 21:229–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwankwo, J. O. (2007). Significant transcriptional down-regulation of the human MDR1 gene by beta-naphthoflavone: a proposed hypothesis linking potent CYP gene induction to MDR1 inhibition. Med Hypotheses 68:661–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obana, H., Hori, S., Kashimoto, T., Kunita, N. (1981). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human fat and liver. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27:23–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochs, H. R., Steinhaus, E., Locniskar, A., Knuchel, M., Greenblatt, D. J. (1982). Desmethyldiazepam kinetics after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration of clorazepate dipotassium. Klin Wochenschr 60:411–415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ochs, H. R., Greenblatt, D. J., Knuchel, M. (1985). Kinetics of diazepam, midazolam, and lorazepam in cigarette smokers. Chest 87:223–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochs, H. R., Greenblatt, D. J., Locniskar, A., Weinbrenner, J. (1986). Influence of propranolol coadministration or cigarette smoking on the kinetics of desmethyldiazepam following intravenous clorazepate. Klin Wochenschr 64:1217–1221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohyama, K., Nakajima, M., Nakamura, S., Shimada, N., Yamazaki, H., Yokoi, T. (2000). A significant role of human cytochrome P450 2C8 in amiodarone N-deethylation: an approach to predict the contribution with relative activity factor. Drug Metab Dispos 28:1303–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, M. J., Buelga, D. S., Vazquez, M. A., Barrueco, M., Dominguez-Gil, A. (1996). Application of population pharmacokinetics to the optimization of theophylline therapy. J Clin Pharm Ther 21:113–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantuck, E. J., Hsiao, K. C., Conney, A. H., Garland, W. A., Kappas, A., Anderson, K. E., et al. (1976). Effect of charcoal-broiled beef on phenacetin metabolism in man. Science 194:1055–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelkonen, O., Pasanen, M., Kuha, H., Gachalyi, B., Kairaluoma, M., Sotaniemi, E. A., et al. (1986). The effect of cigarette smoking on 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and other monooxygenase activities in human liver: analyses with monoclonal antibodies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 22:125–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, D. H. (1999). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet. Mutat Res 443:139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, P. T., Bouillon, T., Shafer, S. L. (2000). Population pharmacokinetics of long-term oral amiodarone therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 67:642–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pukrittayakamee, S., Pitisuttithum, P., Zhang, H., Jantra, A., Wanwimolruk, S., White, N. J. (2002). Effects of cigarette smoking on quinine pharmacokinetics in malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 58:315–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafeiro, E., Leeder, R. G., Daniels, J. M., Brien, J. F., Massey, T. E. (1990). In vitro hepatic, renal, and pulmonary N-dealkylation of amiodarone. Biochem Pharmacol 39:1627–1629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh, A., Walker, S. A., Hood, D. B., Guillen, M. D., Schneider, K., Weyand, E. H. (2004). Bioavailability and risk assessment of orally ingested polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Int J Toxicol 23:301–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rausch-Derra, L. C., Hartley, D. P., Meier, P. J., Klaassen, C. D. (2001). Differential effects of microsomal enzyme-inducing chemicals on the hepatic expression of rat organic anion transporters, OATP1 and OATP2. Hepatology 33:1469–1478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revis, N. W., Bull, R., Laurie, D., Schiller, C. A. (1984). The effectiveness of chemical carcinogens to induce atherosclerosis in the white Carneau pigeon. Toxicology 32:215–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, F., Marecaux, N., Dallongeville, J., Devienne, M., Tiem, N., Fruchart, J. C., et al. (1997). Effect of smoking cessation on lipoprotein A-I and lipoprotein A-I:A-II levels. Metabolism 46:711–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, L., Bannon, P., Villeneuve, J. P. (2002). Quinine pharmacokinetics in chronic haemodialysis patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 54:604–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Cabello, F., Erill, S. (1986). Serum protein binding of model acidic drugs in smokers and non-smokers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 6:177–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Runge, D., Kohler, C., Kostrubsky, V. E., Jager, D., Lehmann, T., Runge, D. M., et al. (2000). Induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4 but not of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, multidrug resistance (MDR-1), and multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP-1) by prototypical inducers in human hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273:333–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safa, B., Lee, C., Riddick, D. S. (1997). Role of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor in the suppression of cytochrome P-450 2C11 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol Lett 90:163–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagud, M., Mihaljevic-Peles, A., Muck-Seler, D., Pivac, N., Vuksan-Cusa, B., Brataljenovic, T., et al. (2009). Smoking and schizophrenia. Psychiatr Danub 21:371–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salokangas, R. K., Saarijarvi, S., Taiminen, T., Lehto, H., Niemi, H., Ahola, V., et al. (1997). Effect of smoking on neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 23:55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalori, A., Tavani, A., Gallus, S., La Vecchia, C., Colombo, M. (2002). Risk factors for focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: an Italian case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 97:2371–2373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scavone, J. M., Greenblatt, D. J., Abernethy, D. R., Luna, B. G., Harmatz, J. S., Shader, R. I. (1997). Influence of oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking, alone and together, on antipyrine pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 37:437–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, G., Conze, C., Von Meyerinck, L., Sorsa, M., Adlkofer, F. (1990). Importance of exposure to gaseous and particulate phase components of tobacco smoke in active and passive smokers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62:459–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrenk, D., Stuven, T., Gohl, G., Viebahn, R., Bock, K. W. (1995). Induction of CYP1A and glutathione S-transferase activities by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in human hepatocyte cultures. Carcinogenesis 16:943–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuetz, E. G., Schuetz, J. D., Thompson, M. T., Fisher, R. A., Madariage, J. R., Strom, S. C. (1995). Phenotypic variability in induction of P-glycoprotein mRNA by aromatic hydrocarbons in primary human hepatocytes. Mol Carcinog 12:61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel, A., Dahmann, D., Krekeler, H., Jacob, J. (2002). Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the urine of mining workers occupationally exposed to diesel exhaust. Int J Hyg Environ Health 204:333–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seng, K. Y., Fun, C. Y., Law, Y. L., Lim, W. M., Fan, W., Lim, C. L. (2009). Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy male adults using mixed-effects models. J Clin Pharm Ther 34:103–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesardic, D., Boobis, A. R., Edwards, R. J., Davies, D. S. (1988). A form of cytochrome P450 in man, orthologous to form d in the rat, catalyses the O-deethylation of phenacetin and is inducible by cigarette smoking. Br J Clin Pharmacol 26:363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shayeganpour, A., Jun, A. S., Brocks, D. R. (2005). Pharmacokinetics of Amiodarone in hyperlipidemic and simulated high fat-meal rat models. Biopharm Drug Dispos 26:249–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Z., Dragin, N., Galvez-Peralta, M., Jorge-Nebert, L. F., Miller, M. L., Wang, B., et al. (2010). Organ-specific roles of CYP1A1 during detoxication of dietary benzo[a]pyrene. Mol Pharmacol 78:46–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simo, R., Colom-Altes, M., Grimalt, J. O., Albaigés, J. (1991). Background levels of atmospheric hydrocarbons, sulphate and nitrate over the western Mediterranean. Atmos Environ 25:1463–1471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinal, C. J., Webb, C. D., Bend, J. R. (1999). Differential in vivo effects of alpha-naphthoflavone and beta-naphthoflavone on CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 in rat liver, lung, heart, and kidney. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 13:29–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slusher, L. B., Park, S. S., Gelboin, H. V., Vesell, E. S. (1987). Studies on the metabolism of aminopyrine, antipyrine, and theophylline using monoclonal antibodies to cytochrome P-450 isozymes purified from rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 36:2359–2367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoelstra, P., Teunissen, M. W., Janssens, A. R., Weeda, B., Van Duijn, W., Koch, C. W., et al. (1986). Antipyrine clearance and metabolite formation: the influence of liver volume and smoking. Eur J Clin Invest 16:321–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki, T., Isozaki, S., Ohkuma, T., Rikihisa, T. (1980). Influence of the route of administration on the mean hepatic extraction ratio of propranolol in the rat. J Pharmacobiodyn 3:603–611.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thum, T., Erpenbeck, V. J., Moeller, J., Hohlfeld, J. M., Krug, N., Borlak, J. (2006). Expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in different lung compartments of smokers and nonsmokers. Environ Health Perspect 114:1655–1661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toide, K., Yamazaki, H., Nagashima, R., Itoh, K., Iwano, S., Takahashi, Y., et al. (2003). Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase represents CYP1B1, and not CYP1A1, in human freshly isolated white cells: trimodal distribution of Japanese population according to induction of CYP1B1 mRNA by environmental dioxins. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:219–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonge, R. P., Kelly, E. J., Bruschi, S. A., Kalhorn, T., Eaton, D. L., Nebert, D. W., et al. (1998). Role of CYP1A2 in the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen: investigations using Cyp1a2 null mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 153:102–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torronen, R., Nousiainen, U., Hanninen, O. (1981). Induction of aldehyde dehydrogenase by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rats. Chem Biol Interact 36:33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakharia, D. D., Liu, N., Pause, R., Fasco, M., Bessette, E., Zhang, Q. Y., et al. (2001). Effect of metals on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in human hepatocyte cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 170:93–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bree, L., Redegeld, F. A., De Vries, J. (1986). The 3-methylcholanthrene-mimetic effect of 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl-treatment on phenacetin-induced hepatic glutathione depletion and liver microsomal phenacetin O-deethylation in rats. Toxicology 42:259–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Der Bol, J. M., Mathijssen, R. H., Loos, W. J., Friberg, L. E., Van Schaik, R. H., De Jonge, M. J., et al. (2007). Cigarette smoking and irinotecan treatment: pharmacokinetic interaction and effects on neutropenia. J Clin Oncol 25:2719–2726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hoydonck, P. G., Temme, E. H., Schouten, E. G. (2001). Serum bilirubin concentration in a Belgian population: the association with smoking status and type of cigarettes. Int J Epidemiol 30:1465–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volm, M., Mattern, J., Samsel, B. (1991). Overexpression of P-glycoprotein and glutathione S-transferase-pi in resistant non-small cell lung carcinomas of smokers. Br J Cancer 64:700–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldhauser, K. M., Torok, M., Ha, H. R., Thomet, U., Konrad, D., Brecht, K., et al. (2006). Hepatocellular toxicity and pharmacological effect of amiodarone and amiodarone derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319:1413–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walle, T., Walle, U. K., Cowart, T. D., Conradi, E. C., Gaffney, T. E. (1987). Selective induction of propranolol metabolism by smoking: additional effects on renal clearance of metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 241:928–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanwimolruk, S., Wong, S. M., Coville, P. F., Viriyayudhakorn, S., Thitiarchakul, S. (1993). Cigarette smoking enhances the elimination of quinine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 36:610–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardlaw, S. A., Nikula, K. J., Kracko, D. A., Finch, G. L., Thornton-Manning, J. R., Dahl, A. R. (1998). Effect of cigarette smoke on CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP2B1/2 of nasal mucosae in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis 19:655–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withey, J. R., Law, F. C., Endrenyi, L. (1991). Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of pyrene in the rat. J Toxicol Environ Health 32:429–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. J., Vestal, R. E., Wilkinson, G. R., Branch, R. A., Shand, D. G. (1979). Effect of aging and cigarette smoking on antipyrine and indocyanine green elimination. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26:16–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, T. H., Chiu, C. C., Shen, W. W., Lin, F. W., Wang, L. H., Chen, H. Y., et al. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of olanzapine in Chinese male schizophrenic patients with various smoking behaviors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32:1889–1893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynne, H. (2005). Drug metabolism and ageing. J Br Menopause Soc 11:51–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiaodong, S., Gatti, G., Bartoli, A., Cipolla, G., Crema, F., Perucca, E. (1994). Omeprazole does not enhance the metabolism of phenacetin, a marker of CYP1A2 activity, in healthy volunteers. Ther Drug Monit 16:248–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L., Li, A. P., Kaminski, D. L., Ruh, M. F. (2000). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induction of cytochrome P4501A in cultured rat and human hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 124:173–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yach, D. (2005). Tobacco: science, policy, and public health/tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking (IARC monographs, volume 83). Bull World Health Organ 83:398–399.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, M., Jang, J. Y., Kim, S., Lee, S. M., Chang, S. S., Cheong, H. K., et al. (2003). Genetic effects on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels in a Korean population. Carcinogenesis 24:1085–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokono, A., Morita, S., Someya, T., Hirokane, G., Okawa, M., Shimoda, K. (2001). The effect of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotypes on the metabolism of clomipramine in Japanese psychiatric patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21:549–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, R. A., Mehendale, H. M. (1986). In vitro metabolism of amiodarone by rabbit and rat liver and small intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 14:423–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, R. A., Mehendale, H. M. (1987). Effect of cytochrome P-450 and flavin-containing monooxygenase modifying factors on the in vitro metabolism of amiodarone by rat and rabbit. Drug Metab Dispos 15:511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaher, H., Buters, J. T., Ward, J. M., Bruno, M. K., Lucas, A. M., Stern, S. T., et al. (1998). Protection against acetaminophen toxicity in CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 double-null mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 152:193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatloukalova, J., Svihalkova-Sindlerova, L., Kozubik, A., Krcmar, P., Machala, M., Vondracek, J. (2007). beta-Naphthoflavone and 3′-methoxy-4′-nitroflavone exert ambiguous effects on Ah receptor-dependent cell proliferation and gene expression in rat liver “stem-like” cells. Biochem Pharmacol 73:1622–1634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zevin, S., Benowitz, N. L. (1999). Drug interactions with tobacco smoking. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet 36:425–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Coville, P. F., Walker, R. J., Miners, J. O., Birkett, D. J., Wanwimolruk, S. (1997). Evidence for involvement of human CYP3A in the 3-hydroxylation of quinine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 43:245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. Y., Fasco, M. J., Huang, L., Guengerich, F. P., Kaminsky, L. S. (1996). Characterization of purified human recombinant cytochrome P4501A1-Ile462 and -Val462: assessment of a role for the rare allele in carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 56:3926–3933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. Y., Kaminsky, L. S. (1995). Characterization of human cytochromes P450 involved in theophylline 8-hydroxylation. Biochem Pharmacol 50:205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zordoky, B. N., El-Kadi, A. O. (2010). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and beta-naphthoflavone induce cellular hypertrophy in H9c2 cells by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependant mechanism. Toxicol In Vitro 24:863–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar