11
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The Auditory Perception of Space and its Clinical Significance. Electroacoustic Equipment for Determining the Effect of the Time Factor on Directional Hearing and Fusion Phenomena

Pages 54-88 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Babkoff H., Sutton S. Perception of temporal order and loudness judgments for dichotic clicks. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1963; 35: 574–577
  • Von Békésy G. Zur Theorie des Hörens; Ueber das Richtungshören bei einer Zeitdifferenz oder Lautstärkengleichheit der beidseitigen Schalleinwirkungen. Physik. Zeits. 1930; 31: 824–835; 857–868
  • Von Békésy G. Ueber die Hörsamkeit der Ein- und Ausschwingvorgange mit Berücksichtigung der Raumakustik. Ann. Phys. Lpz. 1933; 16: 844–860
  • Von Békésy G. Experiments in hearing. McGraw-Hill, New York 1960
  • Von Békésy G. Pitch sensation and its relation to the periodicity of the stimulus. Hearing and skin vibrations. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1961; 33: 341–348
  • Belzile M., Markle D. M. A clinical comparison of monaural and binaural hearing aids worn by patients with conductive or perceptive deafness. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 1959; 69: 1317–1323
  • Van Bergeijk W. A. Variation on a theme of Bekesy: A model of binaural interaction. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 1431–1437
  • Bernart J. Traité de prise de son. Eyrolles, Paris 1949
  • Blodgett H. C., Jeffress L. A., Taylor R. W. Relation of masked threshold to signal-duration for various interaural phase-combinations. Amer. J. Psychol. 1958; 71: 283–290
  • Blodgett H. C., Jeffress L. A., Whitworth R. H. Effect of noise at one ear on the masked threshold for tone at the other. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 979–981
  • Blodgett H. C., Wilbanks W. A., Jeffress L. A. Effect of large interaural time differences upon the judgment of sidedness. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1956; 28: 639–643
  • Bocca E. Binaural hearing: An other approach. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 1955; 65: 1164–1171
  • Bocca E., Calearo C., Cassinari V. A new method for testing hearing in temporal lobe tumours. (Preliminary report). Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1954; 44: 219–221
  • Bocca E., Calearo C., Cassinari V., Miglivacca F. Testing cortical hearing in temporal lobe tumours. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1955; 45: 289–304
  • Bolt R. H. Normal frequency spacing statistics. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1947; 19: 79–90
  • Bolt R. H., Doak P. E. Tentative criterion for the short-term transient response of auditoriums. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1950; 22: 507–508
  • Bolt R. H., Doak P. E., Westervelt P. J. Pulse statistics analysis of room acoustics. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1950; 22: 328–340
  • Bolt R. H., Roop R. W. Frequency response fluctuations in rooms. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1950; 22: 280–289
  • Bordley J. E., Haskins H. L. The role of the cerebrum in hearing. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 1955; 64: 370–382
  • Boring E. G. Auditory theory with special reference to intensity, volume, and localisation. Amer. J. Psychol. 1926; 37: 157–188
  • Broadbent D. E. Listening to one of two synchronous messages. Med. Res. Coun., Appl. Psychol. Res. Unit, Cambridge Univ., Rep. 1951; 146(51)12
  • Broadbent D. E., Ladefoged P. On the fusion of sounds reaching different sense organs. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1957; 29: 708–710
  • Burgeat M., Hirsh I. J. Changes in masking. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1961; 33: 963–965
  • Burgtorf W. Untersuchungen zur Wahrnehmbarkeit verzogerter Schallsignale. Acustica 1961; 11: 97–111
  • Burgtorf W. Zur subjektiven Wirkung von Schallfeldern in Raumen (Ruckver- deckung, Phantomschallquellen). Acustica 1963; 13: 86–91
  • Burgtorf W., Seraphim H.-P. Eine Apparatur zur elektroakustischen Herstellung einfacher Schallfelder in einem reflexionsfreien Raum. Acustica 1961; 11: 92–96
  • Butler R. A., Naunton R. F. Some effects of unilateral auditory masking upon the localization of sound in space. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 1100–1107
  • Calearo C. Detection of malingering by periodically switched speech. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 1957; 67: 130–136
  • Calearo C. Les épreuves binaurales: la voix commutée. International Audiology 1962; 1: 212–217
  • Carhart R. T. The usefulness of the binaural hearing aid. J. Speech & Hearing Disorders 1948; 23: 42–51
  • Causse R., Chavasse P. Etudes sur la fatique auditive. Note Technique, No. 1057, Centre National d'Etudes des Télécommunications, Paris 10 Dec., 1947
  • Cherry C. E. Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and with two ears. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1953; 28: 639–643
  • Cherry C. E., Bowles J. A. Contribution to a study of the “cocktail party problem”. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1960; 32: 884–885
  • Cherry C. E., McSayers B. A. “Human cross-correlator” - A technique for measuring certain parameters of speech perception. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1956; 28: 889–895
  • Cherry C. E., Taylor W. K. Some further experiments upon the recognition of speech, with one and with two ears. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1954; 26: 554–559
  • Christian W., Röser D. Ein Beitrag zum Richtungshören. Z. Laryng. Rhinol. 1957; 36: 431–445
  • Christman R. J., Victor G. Rome Air Development Center. ARDC, USAF, Rome, New York September 23, 1955, Technical Note - RADC-TN-55-302
  • Cremer L. Die physikalischen Grundlagen der Raumakustik. Akust. Z. 1936; 1: 134–145
  • Cremer L. Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Raumakustik. Band I: Geometrische Raumakustik. S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1948; 126
  • David E. E., Jr., Guttman N., Van Bergeijk W. A. On the mechanism of binaural fusion. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1958; 30: 801–802
  • David E. E., Jr., Guttman N., Van Bergeijk W. A. Binaural interaction of high-frequency complex stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1959; 31: 774–782
  • Davis H. Biophysics and physiology of the inner ear. Physiol. Rev. 1957; 37: 1–49
  • Davis H., Silverman S. R., McAuliffe D. R. Some observations on pitch and frequency. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1951; 23: 40–42
  • Deatherage B. H. Binaural interaction of clicks of different frequency content. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1961; 33: 139–145
  • Deatherage B. H., Eldredge D. H., Davis H. Latency of action potentials in the cochlea of the guinea pig. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1959; 31: 479–486
  • Deatherage B. H., Hirsh I. J. Auditory localization of click. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1959; 31: 486–492
  • Derbyshire A. J., Davis H. The action potentials of the auditory nerve. Amer. J. Physiol. 1935; 113: 476–504
  • Diamant H. Sound localization and its determination in connection with some cases of severely impaired function of vestibular labyrinth but with normal hearing. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1946; 34: 576–586
  • Dubout P. The Perception of artificial echoes of medium delay. Acustica 1958; 8: 371–378
  • Dubout P. Observations of persistence of post-stimulus masking. Acustica 1959; 9: 353–358
  • Durlach N. I. Note on the equalization and cancellation theory of binaural masking level differences. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1960; 32: 1075–1076
  • Egan J. P. The effect of noise in one ear upon the loudness of speech in the other ear. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1948; 20: 58–62
  • Eyring C. F. Reverberation time in dead rooms. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1930; 1: 217–241
  • Feddersen W. E., Sandel T. T., Teas D. C., Jeffress L. A. Interaural intensity ratios and sound localization. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1956; 28: 765
  • Feddersen W. E., Sandel T. T., Teas D. C., Jeffress L. A. Localization of high-frequency tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1957; 29: 988–991
  • Feldmann H. Untersuchungen zur Diskrimination differenter Schallbilder bei simultaner monauraler und binauraler Darbietung. Arch. Ohr.-, Nas.-, u. Kehlk.-Heilk. 1960; 176: 601–605
  • Feldmann H. Binaural hearing-test. International Audiology 1962; 1: 222–223
  • Feldmann H. Untersuchungen über das binaurale Hören unter Einwirkung von Störgeräuschen. Arch. Ohr.-, Nas.-, u. Kehlk.-Heilk. 1963; 181: 337–374
  • Flanze, and Gladenbeck. Cited by Meyer 1954, 1936
  • Fletcher H. Speech and Hearing. Mac-Millan and Co., London 1929
  • Fletcher J. L., Loeb M. The influence of different acoustical stimuli on the threshold of the contralateral ear: a possible index of attenuation by the intratympanic reflex. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1962; 54: 33–37
  • Furrer W., Lauber A. Die raumakustische Diffusitat in Schallaufnahme- und Radiostudios. Acustica 1954; 4: 29–33
  • Galambos R., Davis H. Response of single auditory-nerve fibres to acoustic stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 1943; 6: 39–57
  • Galambos R., Schwartzkopf, Rupert A. Microelectrode study of superior olivary nuclei. Amer. J. Physiol. 1959; 197: 527–536
  • Gardner M. B. Short duration auditory fatigue as a method of classifying hearing impairment. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1947; 19: 178–190
  • Gardner M. B. Binaural detection of single-frequency signals in the presence of noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 1824–1830
  • Girden E. The role of the auditory area of the cortex. Amer. J. Psychol. 1940; 53: 371–383
  • Godwin R. W. Clinical testing for sound localization. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 1961; 70: 976–996
  • Goff K. W. The application of correlation techniques to some acoustic measurements. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1955; 27: 236–246
  • Goff K. W. An analog electronic correlator for acoustic measurements. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1955; 27: 223–236
  • Goldstein M. H., Jr., Kiang Y-N. S. Synchrony of neural activity in electric responses evoked by transient acoustic stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1958; 30: 107–114
  • Goodman A. C. Some relations between auditory function and intracranial lesions with particular reference to lesions of the cerebellopontine angle. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 1957; 67: 987–1010
  • Groen J. J. Theoretical consideration on binaural speech audiometry. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Audiology, Bonn, 1960, 143–148
  • Groen J. J., Hellema A. C. M. Binaural speech audiometry. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1960; 52: 397–414
  • Groen J. J., Hellema A. C. M. Binaural speech audiometry. International Audiology 1962; 1: 218–221
  • Guttman N. A mapping of binaural click lateralization. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 87–92
  • Guttman N., Van Bergeijk W. A., David E. E., Jr. Monaural temporal masking investigated by binaural interaction. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1960; 32: 1329–1336
  • Haas H. Ueber den Einfluss eines Einfachechos auf die Hörsamkeit von Sprache. Dissertation. Goettingen 1949
  • Haas H. Ueber den Einfluss eines Einfachechos auf die Hörsomkeit von Sprache. Acustika 1951; 1: 49–58
  • Hahlbrock K. H., Schmidt H. Binauraler Hbrsynthesetest und Prüfung des Richtungshörens bei zentralen Hörstörungen. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Audiology, Bonn, 1960, 131–133
  • Harris G. C. Binaural interactions of impulsive stimuli and pure tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1960; 32: 685–692
  • Hellema A. C. M. Practical results with binaural hearing. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Audilogy, Bonn, 1960, 149–153
  • Hennebert D. L'intégration de la perception auditive et l'audition alternante. Acta oto- rhino- laryng. belg. 1955; 9: 344–346
  • Hernández-Perón R., Scherrer H., Jouvet M. Science 1956; 123, Cited by Lindsley D. B. (1960)
  • Hirsh I. J. The influence of interaural phase on interaural summation and inhibition. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1948; 20: 536–544
  • Hirsh I. J. The relation between localization and intelligibility. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1950; 22: 196–200
  • Hirsh I. J. Auditory perception of temporal order. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1959; 31: 759–767
  • Hirsh I. J., Burgeat M. Binaural effects in remote masking. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1958; 30: 827–832
  • Hirsh I. J., Sherrick C. E., Jr. Perceived order in different sense modalities. J. Exptl. Psychol. 1961; 62: 423–432
  • Hirsh I. J., Webster F. A. Some determinants of interaural phase effects. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1949; 21: 496–501
  • Hornbostel E. M. V. Psychologie der Gehörserscheinungen. Handbuch der normalen und pathol. Physiologie, A. Bethe, V. Bergmann. J. Springer, Berlin 1926; Vol. 11: 602–618
  • Hornbostel E. M. V. The time-theory of sound localization: a restatement. Report of a Discussion on Audition. Physical Society, London 1931; 120–127
  • Hornbostel E. M. V., Wertheimer M. Ueber die Wahrnehmur.g der Schallrichtung. Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Phys.-math. Klasse, Berlin 1920; 15: 388–396
  • Hubel D. H., Henson C. O., Rupert A., Galambos R. Science 1959; 129: 1279, Cited by Lindsley D. B. (1960)
  • Janssen J. H. A method for the calculation of the speech intelligibility under conditions of reverberation and noise. Acustica 1957; 7: 305–310
  • Jeffress L. A. J. A place theory of sound localization. J. Comp. and Physiol. Psychol. 1948; 41: 35–39
  • Jeffress L. A., Blodgett H. C., Deatherage B. H. The masking of tones by white noise as a function of the interaural phases of both components. I. 500 cycles. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1952; 24: 523–527
  • Jeffress L. A., Blodgett H. C., Deatherage B. H. The masking of tones by white noise as a function of the interaural correlation for the noise, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1953; 25: 832–833
  • Jeffress L. A., Blodgett H. C., Deatherage B. H. Masking and interaural phase. II. 167 cycles. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 1124–1126
  • Jeffress L. A., Blodgett H. C., Sandel T. T., Wood C. L. III, Masking of tonal signals. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1956; 28: 416–426
  • Jerger J. F., Tillman T. W. A new method for the clinical determination of sensorineural acuity level (SAL). Arch. Otolaryng 1960; 71: 948–955
  • Jonkees L. B. W., Veer R. A. On directional sound localization in unilateral deafness and its explanation. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockhl.) 1958; 49: 119–131
  • Junius W. Apparatur zur automatischen Auswertung von Schallrückwurffolgen. Acustica 1958; 8: 266–272
  • Junius W. Raumakustische Untersuchungen mit neueren Messverfahren in der Liederhalle Stuttgart. Acustica 1959; 9: 289–303
  • Karaskiewicz E., Kwiek M. Les bases d'une acoustique des salles et le phénomène de Haas. Acustica 1963; 13: 25–30
  • Keibs L. Möglichkeiten der stereo-ambiofonen Schallübertragung auf 2 Kanälen. Acustica 1962; 12: 118–124
  • Keidel W. D. Neuere Ergebnisse der Elektro-Physiologie des Hörens. Theorie und Praxis der Hörgeräteanpassung, K. Schubert. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1960; 27–31
  • Kikuchi Y. Objective allocation of sound-image from binaural stimulation. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1957; 29: 124–128
  • Kietz H. Das räumliche Hören. Acustica 1953; 3: 73–86
  • Kietz H. Neue Vorstellungen in der Theorie des Hörens. Z. Laryng., Rhinol. 1957; 36: 241–253
  • Klumpp R. G., Eady H. R. Some measurements of interaural time difference thresholds. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1956; 28: 859–860
  • Knowles H. S. Artificial acoustical environment control. Acustica 1954; 4: 80–82
  • Knudsen V. The hearing of speech in auditoriums. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1929; 1: 56–82
  • Kock W. E. Binaural localization and masking. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1950; 22: 801–804
  • Koenig W. Subjective effects in binaural hearing. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1950; 22: 61–62
  • König E. Pitch discrimination and age. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1957; 48: 475–489
  • König E. Die Tonhöhenunterschiedsschwelle und der Lautstärkeausgleich. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Audiology, Bonn, 1960, 207–226
  • König E. Die Tonhöhenunterschiedsschwelle und ihre Beziehungen zur Intensitätsunterschiedsschwelle in klinischer Hinsicht. Arch. Ohr.-, Nas.-, u. Kehlk.-Heilk. 1961; 177: 530–562
  • König E. Difference limen for intensity. International Audiology 1962; 1: 198–202
  • König E. The use of masking noise and its limitation in clinical audiometry. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1963, Suppl. 180
  • König G., Süssmann W. Zum Richtungshören in der Median-Sagittal-Ebene. Arch. Ohr.-, Nas.-, u. Kehlk.-Heilk. 1955; 167(2–6)303–307
  • Kreidl A., Gatscher S. Ueber die dichotische Zeitschwelle. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 1923; 200: 366–373
  • Kuhl W. Ueber Versuche zur Ermittlung der günstigsten Nachhallzeit grosser Musikstudios. Acustica 1954; 4: 618–634
  • Kuttruff H., Thiele R. Ueber die Frequenzabhängigkeit des Schalldruckes in Räumen. Acustica 1954; 4: 614–617
  • Kwiek M. Ueber die Lautstärke und Lautheit. Akust. Z. 1937; 2: 170
  • Langmuir I., Schaefer V. J., Ferguson C. V., Hennelly E. F. A study of binaural perception of the direction of a sound source. OSRO Report 1944, 4079 (PBL 31014)
  • Lauridsen H. Nogle for søg med forskellige former for rum akustik gen givelse. Ingeniøren Nr. 1954; 47: 906
  • Leakey D. M., Cherry E. C. Influence of noise upon the equivalence of intensity differences and small time delays in two-loudspeaker systems. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1957; 29: 284–286
  • Leakey D. M., Sayers McA., Cherry C. Binaural fusion of low- and high-frequency sounds. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1958; 30: 222
  • Lehnhardt E. Akustische Refraktärzeiten. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Audiology, Bonn, 1960, 409–414
  • Licklider J. C. R. The influence of interaural phase relation upon the masking of speech by white noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1948; 20: 150–159
  • Licklider J. C. R. The perception of speech. Handbook of experimental psychology, S. S. Stevens. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York 1950, Chap. 26
  • Licklider J. C. R. The intelligibility of amplitude-dichotomized, time-quantized speech waves. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1950; 22: 820–823
  • Lightfoot C. The M-R test of bone-conduction hearing. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 1960; 70: 1552–1559
  • Lindsley D. B. Attention, consciousness, sleep and wakefulness. Handbook of Physiology, J. Field. Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 1960; Vol. III: 1553–1593, Chap. 68
  • Lochner J. P. A., Burger J. F. The subjective masking of short time delayed echoes by their primary sounds and their contribution to the intelligibility of speech. Acustica 1958; 8: 1–10
  • Lochner J. P. A., Burger J. F. The intelligibility of re-inforced speech. Acustica 1959; 9: 31–38
  • Lochner J. P. A., Burger J. F. Optimum reverberation time for speech rooms based on hearing characteristics. Acustica 1960; 10: 394–399
  • Lochner J. P. A., Burger J. F. The binaural summation of speech signals. Acustica 1961; 11: 313–317
  • Lochner J. P. A., Burger J. F. The intelligibility of speech under reverberant conditions. Acustica 1961; 11: 195–200
  • Lüscher E. Unsere Bestimmung der Unterschiedsschwelle der Intensitätsmodulation reiner Töne, deren Auswertung und deren topisch-diagnostische Leistungs-fähigkeit. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1955; 402–415
  • Lüscher E., Zwislocki J. The decay of sensation and the remainder of adaptation after short pure-tone impulses on the ear. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1947; 35: 428–445
  • Lüscher E., Zwislocki J. Adaptation of the ear to sound stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1949; 21: 135–139
  • De Maré G. Audiometrische Untersuchungen. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1939, Suppl. 31
  • Mason C. A., Moir J. Acoustics of cinema auditoria. J. Inst. Elec. Eng. 1941; 88(III, No. 3)175
  • Matzker J. Untersuchungen über die zentrale Synthese differenter Schallbilder beider Ohren. Z. Laryng. Rhinol. 1954; 33: 296–304
  • Matzker J. Ein binauraler Hörsynthese-Test zum Nachweis zerebraler Hörstörungen. Thieme, Stuttgart 1958
  • Matzker J. Two new methods for the assessment of central auditory functions in cases of brain disease. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 1959; 68: 1185–1197
  • Matzker J. The sound localization test. International Audiology 1962; 1: 248–249
  • Matzker J. The binaural test. International Audiology 1962; 1: 209–211
  • Matzker J., Welker H. Die Prüfung des Richtungshörens zum Nachweis und zur topischen Diagnostik von Hirnerkrankungen. Z. Laryng. Rhinol. 1959; 38: 277–294
  • Maxfield J. P. Some physical factors affecting the illusion in sound motion pictures. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1931; 3: 69–80
  • Meyer E. Definition of diffusion in rooms. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1954; 26: 630–636
  • Meyer E. Elektroakustische Uebertragungsanlagen. Acustica 1954; 4: 53–61
  • Meyer E., Cremer L. Hörsamkeit holzausgekleideter Räume. Z. techn. Phys. 1933; 14: 500–507
  • Meyer E., Schodder G. R. Ueber den Einfluss von Schallrückwürfen auf Richtungslokalisation und Lautstärke bei Sprache. Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, II a, Nr. 1952; 6: 31
  • Meyer E., Thiele R. Raumakustische Untersuchungen in zahlreichen Konzertsälen und Rundfunkstudios unter Anwendung neuerer Messverfahren. Acustica 1956; 6: 425–444
  • Meyer zum Gottesberge A. Physiologisch-anatomische Elemente der Schallrichtungsbestimmung. Arch. Ohr.-, Nas.-, u. Kehlk.-Heilk. 1940; 147: 219–249
  • Miller G. A. The perception of short bursts of noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1948; 20: 160–170
  • Miller G. A., Taylor W. G. The perception of repeated bursts of noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1948; 20: 171–182
  • Millington G. A modified formula for reverberation. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1932; 4: 69–82
  • Mills A. W. On the minimum audible angle. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1958; 30: 237–246
  • Moir S. Pulse methods in acoustic analysis of rooms. J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Televis. Engrs. 1951; 57: 147–155
  • Moushegian G., Jeffress L. A. Role of interaural time and intensity differences in the lateralization of low-frequency tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1959; 31: 1441–1445
  • Muncey R. W., Nickson A. F. B., Dubout P. The acceptability of speech and music with a single artificial echo. Acustica 1953; 3: 168–173
  • Neff W. D. Behavioral studies of auditory discrimination. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 1957; 66: 506–513
  • Neff W. D. Sensory discrimination. Handbook of Physiology, J. Field. Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 1960; Vol. III: 1447–1470, Chap. 60
  • Neff W. D., Fischer J. F., Diamond I. T., Yela M. Role of auditory cortex in discrimination requiring localization of sound in space. J. Neurophysiol. 1956; 19: 500–512
  • Nickson A. F. B., Muncey R. W., Dubout P. The acceptability of artificial echoes with reverberant speech and music. Acustica 1954; 4: 447–450
  • Niese H. Die Messung der Nutzschall- und Echogradverteilung zur Beurteilung der Hörsamkeit in Räumen. Acustica 1961; 11: 201–213
  • Nordlund B. Physical factors in angular localization. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1962; 54: 75–93
  • Nordlund B. Directional audiometry. Acta Otolaryng. (Stockh.) 1964; 57: 1–18
  • Nordmark J. Some analogies between pitch and lateralization phenomena. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1963; 35: 1544–1547
  • Odenthal D. W. Simultaneous dichotic frequency discrimination. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1961; 33: 357–358
  • Opitz H. J. Ueber die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Dauerschallen und Schall-impulsen und den entstehenden Richtungseindruck beim binauralen Hören. Acustica 1963; 13: 234–239
  • Parkin P. H. The application of the Haas effect to speech reinforcement systems. Acustica 1954; 4: 87–89
  • Parkin P. H., Scholes W. E. Recent developments in speech reinforcement systems. Wirel. World 1951; 57: 44–50
  • Parkin P. H., Taylor J. H. Speech re-inforcement in St. Paul's Cathedral. Wirel. World 1952; 58: 54–57; 109–111
  • Peake W. T., Goldstein M. H., Jr., Kiang Y-N. S. Responses of the auditory nerve to repetitive acoustic stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 562–570
  • Peake W. T., Kiang Y-N. S., Goldstein M. H., Jr. Rate functions for auditory nerve responses to bursts of noise: Effect of changes in stimulus parameters. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 571–575
  • Pennington L. A. J. The function of the brain in auditory localization: IV. Method of training and control experiments. J. Comp. Psychol. 1938; 25: 195–211
  • Piéron H. Année Psychol. 1922; 23: 186, Cited by Neff W. D., 1960
  • Raab D. H. Forward and backward masking between acoustic clicks. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1961; 33: 137–139
  • Rainville M. J. Nouvelle méthode d'assourdissement pour le relevé des courbes de conduction osseuse. J. Franç. d'O.R.L 1955; 4: 851–858
  • Rainville M. J. Translation of the Beltone Institute for Hearing Research. 1959, No. 11
  • Rosenzweig M. R. Electrophysiological correlates of auditory localization. Dissertation. Harvard Univ. 1949
  • Rosenzweig M. R. Representation of the two ears at the auditory cortex. Amer. J. Physiol. 1951; 167: 147–158
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Amon A. H. Binaural interaction in the medulla of the cat. Experientia 1955; 11: 498–500
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Rosenblith W. A. Some electrophysiological correlates of the perception of successive clicks. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1950; 22: 878–880
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Sutton D. Binaural interaction in lateral lemniscus of cat. J. Neurophysiol. 1958; 21: 17–23
  • Röser D. Die zentralen Vorgange beim Horen differenter Schallbilder. Arch. Ohr.-, Nas.-, u. Kehlk.-Heilk. 1960; 174: 568–583
  • Rubin H. J. Auditory facilitation following stimulation at low intensities. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1960; 32: 670–681
  • Sabine W. C. Collected papers on Acoustics. Harvard University Press. 1922; 4
  • Sanchez - Longo L. P., Forster F. M. Clinical significance of impairment of sound localization. Neurology 1958; 8: 119–125
  • Sandel T. T., Teas D. C., Feddersen W. E., Jeffress L. A. Localization of sound from single and paired sources. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1955; 27: 842–852
  • McSayers B. A., Cherry C. Mechanism of binaural fusion in the hearing of speech. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1957; 29: 973–987
  • Schodder G. R. Vortauschungen eines akustischen Raumeindrucks. Acustica 1956; 6: 482–488
  • Schodder G. R. Über die Verteilung der energiereichen Schallrückwürfe in Sälen. Acustica 1956; 6: 445–465
  • Schodder G. R., Schröder F. K., Thiele R. Verbesserung der Horsamkeit eines Theaters durch eine schallverzogernde Leisesprecheranlage. Acustica 1952; 2: 115–116, Suppl. 2 AB
  • Schröder M. Eigenfrequenzstatistik und Anregungsstatistik in Räumen. Acustica 1954; 4: 456–468
  • Schröder M. Die statistischen Parameter der Frequenzkurven von grossen Räumen. Acustica 1954; 4: 594–600
  • Schubert E. D. Some preliminary experiments on binaural time delay and intelligibility. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1956; 28: 895–901
  • Schubert E. D., Schultz. Some aspects of binaural signal selection. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer 1962; 34: 844–849
  • Schubert K. Sprachhörprüfmethoden. Grundlagen, Wiirdigung, Anwendung bei Begutachtung und Hörgeräteanpassung. G. Thieme, Stuttgart 1958
  • Schubert K. Die Horgerateanpassung. Theorie und Praxis der Hörgeräteanpassung, sowie Probleme der Begutachtung, K. Schubert. G. Thieme, Stuttgart 1960; 110–158
  • Seraphim H.-P. Untersuchungen über die Unterschiedsschwelle exponentiellen Abklingens von Rauschbandimpulsen. Acustica 1958; 8: 280–284
  • Seraphim H.-P. Ueber die Wahrnehmbarkeit mehrerer Rückwürfe von Sprachschall. Acustica 1961; 11: 80–91
  • Seraphim H.-P. Raumakustische Nachbildungen mit elektroakustischen Hilfsmitteln. Acustica 1963; 13: 75–85
  • Shaxby J. H., Gage F. H. Med. Research Council (Brit.), Spec. Rept., Ser. No. 1932; 166: 1–32
  • Snow W. B. Effect of arrival time on stereophonic localization. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1954; 26: 1071–1074
  • Stein H. J. Das Absinken der Mithörschwelle nach dem Abschalten von weissem Rauschen. Acustica 1960; 10: 116–119
  • Stevens S. S., Davis H. Hearing, Its Psychology and Physiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York 1938; 167–183
  • Stotler W. A. An experimental study of the cells and connections of the superior olivary complex of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1953; 98: 401–431
  • Strutt M. J. O. Ueber das Dämpfungsproblem der mathematischen Physik mit einer Anwendung auf die Akustik grosser Räume. Math. Ann. 1930; 102: 671
  • Symmes D., Chapman L. F., Halstead W. C. The fusion of intermittent white noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1955; 27: 470–473
  • Tarnóczy T., Járfás T., Lukács M. Neue subjektiv-akustische Untersuchungen über die Nachhallzeit. Elektronische Rundschau 1960; 14: 233
  • Tasaki I. Nerve impulses in individual auditory nerve fibers of guinea pig. J. Neurophysiol. 1954; 17: 97–122
  • Teas D. C. Lateralization of acoustic transients. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 1460–1465
  • Teas D. C., Eldredge D. H., Davis H. Cochlear responses to acoustic transients: an interpretation of whole-nerve action potentials. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1962; 34: 1438–1459
  • Thiele R. Richtungsverteilung und Zeitfolge der Schallruckwürfe in Räumen. Acustica 1953; 3: 291–302
  • Thompson P. O., Webster J. C. The effect of talker- listener angle on word intelligibility. Acustica 1963; 13: 319–323
  • Thurlow W. R., Elfner L. F. Pure-tones cross-ear localization effects. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1959; 31: 1606–1608
  • Thurlow Ft. W., Small A. M., Jr. Pitch perception for certain periodic auditory stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1955; 27: 132–137
  • Tobias J. V. Application of a “relative” procedure to a problem in binaural-beat perception. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1963; 35: 1442–1447
  • Tobias J. V., Jeffress L. A. Binaural studies of amplitude modulated signals. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1960; 32: 1506
  • Tobias J. V., Schubert E. D. Effective onset duration of auditory stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1959; 31: 1595–1605
  • Tobias J. V., Zerlin S. Lateralization threshold as a function of stimulus duration. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1959; 31: 1591–1594
  • Tunturi A. R. A difference in the representation of auditory signals for the left and right ears in the iso-frequency contours of the right middle ectosylvian auditory cortex of the dog. Amer. J. Psychol. 1952; 168: 712–727
  • Vermeulen R. Stereo-Nachhall. Philip's techn. Ftdsch. 1956; 17: 229
  • Wallach H., Newman E. B., Rosenzweig Ft. M. The precedence effect in sound localization. Amer. J. Psychol. 1949; 62: 315
  • Webster F. A. The influence of interaural phase on masked thresholds. I. The role of interaural time-deviation. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1951; 23: 452–462
  • Wegel R. L., Lane C. H. The auditory masking of one pure tone by another and its probable relation to the dynamics of the inner ear. Phys. Rev. 1924; 23: 266–285
  • Wever E. G. Theory of Hearing. J. Wiley and Sons, New York 1949
  • Wever E. G., Bray C. W. Present possibilities for auditory theory. Psychol. Rev. 1930; 37: 365–380
  • Whitworth R. H., Jeffress L. A. Time vs intensity in the localization of tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1961; 33: 925–929
  • Woodworth R. S. Experimental Psychology. Henry Holt and Company, New York 1938; 518–534
  • Wright H. N. Binaural hearing and the hearing-impaired. Arch. Otolaryng 1959; 70: 485–494
  • Zangwill O. L. Speech. Handbook of Physiology, J. Field. Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 1960; Vol. III: 1709–1722, Chap. 68
  • Zwislocki J., Feldman R. S. Just noticeable differences in dichotic phase. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1956; 28: 860–864
  • Zwislocki J., Pirodda E., Rubin H. On some poststimulatory effects at the threshold of audibility. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1959; 31: 9–14

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.