571
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Clinical translation of stem cells: insight for cartilage therapies

, , , , &
Pages 89-100 | Received 24 Dec 2012, Accepted 27 Jun 2013, Published online: 01 Oct 2013

References

  • Abrahamsson CK, Yang F, Park H, et al. (2010). Chondrogenesis and mineralization during in vitro culture of human mesenchymal stem cells on three-dimensional woven scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A, 16, 3709–18
  • Alfred R, Taiani JT, Krawetz RJ, et al. (2011). Large-scale production of murine embryonic stem cell-derived osteoblasts and chondrocytes on microcarriers in serum-free media. Biomaterials, 32, 6006–16
  • Alves da Silva ML, Martins A, Costa-Pinto AR, et al. (2011). Chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in chitosan-based scaffolds using a flow-perfusion bioreactor. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 5, 722–32
  • Ando W, Tateishi K, Hart DA, et al. (2007). Cartilage repair using an in vitro generated scaffold-free tissue-engineered construct derived from porcine synovial mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials, 28, 5462–70
  • Angele P, Schumann D, Angele M, et al. (2004). Cyclic, mechanical compression enhances chondrogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor cells in tissue engineering scaffolds. Biorheology, 41, 335–46
  • Athanasiou KA, Rosenwasser MP, Buckwalter JA, et al. (1991). Interspecies comparisons of in situ intrinsic mechanical properties of distal femoral cartilage. J Orthop Res, 9, 330–40
  • Awad HA, Quinn Wickham M, Leddy HA, et al. (2004). Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stem cells in agarose, alginate, and gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials, 25, 3211–22
  • Bai HY, Chen GA, Mao GH, et al. (2010). Three step derivation of cartilage like tissue from human embryonic stem cells by 2D-3D sequential culture in vitro and further implantation in vivo on alginate/PLGA scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 94, 539–46
  • Baker BM, Shah RP, Huang AH, Mauck RL. (2011). Dynamic tensile loading improves the functional properties of mesenchymal stem cell-laden nanofiber-based fibrocartilage. Tissue Eng Part A, 17, 1445–55
  • Beyth S, Borovsky Z, Mevorach D, et al. (2005). Human mesenchymal stem cells alter antigen-presenting cell maturation and induce T-cell unresponsiveness. Blood, 105, 2214–19
  • Black LL, Gaynor J, Adams C, et al. (2008). Effect of intraarticular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on clinical signs of chronic osteoarthritis of the elbow joint in dogs. Vet Therap: Res Applied Vet Med, 9, 192–200
  • Black LL, Gaynor J, Gahring D, et al. (2007). Effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on lameness in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joints: a randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, controlled trial. Vet Therap: Res Applied Vet Med, 8, 272–84
  • Bosnakovski D, Mizuno M, Kim G, et al. (2006). Chondrogenic differentiation of bovine bone marrow mesenchyma l stem cells (MSCs) in different hydrogels: influence of collagen type II extracellular matrix on MSC chondrogenesis. Biotechnol Bioeng, 93, 1152–63
  • Campbell JJ, Lee DA, Bader DL. (2006). Dynamic compressive strain influences chondrogenic gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells. Biorheology, 43, 455–70
  • Caplan AI. (2007). Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol, 213, 341–47
  • Choi JW, Choi BH, Park SH, et al. (2013). Mechanical stimulation by ultrasound enhances chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in a fibrin-hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Artif Organs, 37, 648--55
  • Chung C, Burdick JA. (2008). Influence of three-dimensional hyaluronic acid microenvironments on mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis. Tissue EngPart A, 15, 243–54
  • Correia C, Pereira AL, Duarte AR, et al. (2012). Dynamic culturing of cartilage tissue: the significance of hydrostatic pressure. Tissue Eng Part A, 18, 1979–91
  • Craft AM, Ahmed N, Rockel JS, et al. (2013). Specification of chondrocytes and cartilage tissues from embryonic stem cells. Development, 140, 2597–610
  • Darling EM, Athanasiou KA. (2005). Rapid phenotypic changes in passaged articular chondrocyte subpopulations. J Orthop Res, 23, 425–32
  • Diekman BO, Christoforou N, Willard VP, et al. (2012). Cartilage tissue engineering using differentiated and purified induced pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109, 19172–7
  • Diekman BO, Rowland CR, Lennon DP, et al. (2009). Chondrogenesis of adult stem cells from adipose tissue and bone marrow: induction by growth factors and cartilage-derived matrix. Tissue Eng Part A, 16, 523–33
  • Dragoo JL, Carlson G, McCormick F, et al. (2007). Healing full-thickness cartilage defects using adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng, 13, 1615–21
  • Elder BD, Athanasiou KA. (2009). Systematic assessment of growth factor treatment on biochemical and biomechanical properties of engineered articular cartilage constructs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 17, 114–23
  • Erggelet C, Neumann K, Endres M, et al. (2007). Regeneration of ovine articular cartilage defects by cell-free polymer-based implants. Biomaterials, 28, 5570–80
  • Erickson IE, Huang AH, Sengupta S, et al. (2009). Macromer density influences mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and maturation in photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 17, 1639–48
  • Estes BT, Wu AW, Guilak F. (2006). Potent induction of chondrocytic differentiation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells by bone morphogenetic protein 6. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 54, 1222–32
  • Fan J, Gong Y, Ren L, et al. (2010). In vitro engineered cartilage using synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells with injectable gellan hydrogels. Acta Biomater, 6, 1178–85
  • FDA. (2011a). Guidance for industry: preparation of IDEs and INDs for products intended to repair or replace knee Cartilage. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/CellularandGeneTherapy/UCM288011.pdf
  • FDA. (2011b). Inspection of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) 7341.002. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ComplianceActivities/Enforcement/CompliancePrograms/UCM095216.pdf
  • FDA. (2011c). Guidance for industry: current good tissue practice (CGTP) and additional requirements for manufacturers of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps). Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Tissue/UCM285223.pdf)
  • FDA. (2011d). Guidance for industry and FDA staff: classification of products as drugs and devices & additional product classification issues. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM258957.pdf
  • Frisbie DD, Kisiday JD, Kawcak CE, et al. (2009). Evaluation of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res, 27, 1675–80
  • Gerter R, Kruegel J, Miosge N. (2012). New insights into cartilage repair – the role of migratory progenitor cells in osteoarthritis. Matrix Biol, 31, 206–13
  • Ghosh P, Itescu S, Read RA, et al. (2009). Intra-articular injection of allogeneic immunoselected STRO-3+mesenchymal precursor stem cells into ovine joints with pre-existing osteoarthritis improves articular cartilage integrity 6 months post administration. Las Vegas, Nevada: Orthopaedic Research Society
  • Griffin MD, Ritter T, Mahon BP. (2010). Immunological aspects of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapies. Hum Gene Ther, 21, 1641–55
  • Gruenloh W, Kambal A, Sondergaard C, et al. (2011). Characterization and in vivo testing of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A, 17, 1517–25
  • Guo X, Wang C, Zhang Y, et al. (2004). Repair of large articular cartilage defects with implants of autologous mesenchymal stem cells seeded into beta-tricalcium phosphate in a sheep model. Tissue Eng, 10, 1818–29
  • Guzzo RM, Gibson J, Xu RH, et al. (2013). Efficient differentiation of human iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells to chondroprogenitor cells. J Cell Biochem, 114, 480--90
  • Hare JM, Traverse JH, Henry TD, et al. (2009). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study of intravenous adult human mesenchymal stem cells (prochymal) after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 2277–86
  • He F, Pei M. (2013). Extracellular matrix enhances differentiation of adipose stem cells from infrapatellar fat pad toward chondrogenesis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 7, 73--84
  • Hildner F, Peterbauer A, Wolbank S, et al. (2010). FGF-2 abolishes the chondrogenic effect of combined BMP-6 and TGF-beta in human adipose derived stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A, 94, 978–87
  • Hootman JM, Helmick CG. (2006). Projections of US prevalence of arthritis and associated activity limitations. Arthritis Rheum, 54, 226–9
  • Horas U, Pelinkovic D, Herr G, et al. (2003). Autologous chondrocyte implantation and osteochondral cylinder transplantation in cartilage repair of the knee joint. A prospective, comparative trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 85-A, 185–92
  • Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. (2003). Structure function characteristics of articular cartilage. In: An YH, Martin KL, eds. Handbook of histology methods for bone and cartilage. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc, 73--95
  • Huang AH, Farrell MJ, Kim M, Mauck RL. (2010). Long-term dynamic loading improves the mechanical properties of chondrogenic mesenchymal stem cell-laden hydrogel. Eur Cell Mater, 19, 72–85
  • Huang AH, Stein A, Tuan RS, Mauck RL. (2009). Transient exposure to transforming growth factor beta 3 improves the mechanical properties of mesenchymal stem cell-laden cartilage constructs in a density-dependent manner. Tissue Eng Part A, 15, 3461–72
  • Huang CYC, Hagar KL, Frost LE, et al. (2004). Effects of cyclic compressive loading on chondrogenesis of rabbit bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells, 22, 313–23
  • Hwang YS, Polak JM, Mantalaris A. (2008a). In vitro direct chondrogenesis of murine embryonic stem cells by bypassing embryoid body formation. Stem Cells Dev, 17, 971–8
  • Hwang NS, Varghese S, Lee HJ, et al. (2008b). In vivo commitment and functional tissue regeneration using human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 20641–46
  • Hwang NS, Varghese S, Zhang Z, Elisseeff J. (2006). Chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cells in arginine-glycine-aspartate-modified hydrogels. Tissue Eng, 12, 2695–706
  • Janjanin S, Li WJ, Morgan MT, et al. (2008). Mold-shaped, nanofiber scaffold-based cartilage engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells and bioreactor. J Surg Res, 149, 47–56
  • Jukes JM, van der Aa LJ, Hiemstra C, et al. (2009). A newly developed chemically crosslinked dextran–poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 16, 565–73
  • Jung Y, Bauer G, Nolta JA. (2012). Concise review: induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: progress toward safe clinical products. Stem Cells, 30, 42–7
  • Kim HJ, Im GI. (2009). Combination of transforming growth factor-beta2 and bone morphogenetic protein 7 enhances chondrogenesis from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A, 15, 1543–51
  • Kim MJ, Son MJ, Son MY, et al. (2011). Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from osteoarthritis patient-derived synovial cells. Arthritis Rheum, 63, 3010–21
  • Kisiday JD, Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW, Grodzinsky AJ. (2009). Dynamic compression stimulates proteoglycan synthesis by mesenchymal stem cells in the absence of chondrogenic cytokines. Tissue Eng Part A, 15, 2817–24
  • Koay EJ, Hoben GMB, Athanasiou KA. (2007). Tissue engineering with chondrogenically differentiated human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells, 25, 2183–90
  • Koç ON, Gerson SL, Cooper BW, et al. (2000). Rapid hematopoietic recovery after coinfusion of autologous-blood stem cells and culture-expanded marrow mesenchymal stem cells in advanced breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 18, 307--16
  • Lai CH, Chen SC, Chiu LH, et al. (2010). Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, dexamethasone/TGF-beta1 and/or BMP-2 on the transcriptional expression of genes in human mesenchymal stem cells: chondrogenic vs. osteogenic differentiation. Ultrasound Med Biol, 36, 1022–33
  • Leddy HA, Awad HA, Guilak F. (2004). Molecular diffusion in tissue-engineered cartilage constructs: effects of scaffold material, time, and culture conditions. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 70, 397–406
  • Lee CH, Cook JL, Mendelson A, et al. (2010). Regeneration of the articular surface of the rabbit synovial joint by cell homing: a proof of concept study. Lancet, 376, 440–8
  • Lee CS, Watkins E, Burnsed OA, et al. (2013). Tailoring adipose stem cell trophic factor production with differentiation medium components to regenerate chondral defects. Tissue Eng Part A, 19, 1451–64
  • Lee HJ, Choi BH, Min BH, Park SR. (2007). Low-intensity ultrasound inhibits apoptosis and enhances viability of human mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional alginate culture during chondrogenic differentiation. Tissue Eng, 13, 1049–57
  • Li J, Zhao Q, Wang E, et al. (2012). Dynamic compression of rabbit adipose-derived stem cells transfected with insulin-like growth factor 1 in chitosan/gelatin scaffolds induces chondrogenesis and matrix biosynthesis. J Cell Physiol, 227, 2003–12
  • Li WJ, Danielson KG, Alexander PG, Tuan RS. (2003). Biological response of chondrocytes cultured in three-dimensional nanofibrous poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 67, 1105–14
  • Li Z, Kupcsik L, Yao S-J, et al. (2010). Mechanical load modulates chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells through the TGF-β pathway. J Cell Mol Med, 14, 1338–46
  • Liang WH, Kienitz BL, Penick KJ, et al. (2010). Concentrated collagen-chondroitin sulfate scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A, 94, 1050–60
  • Little CJ, Bawolin NK, Chen X. (2011). Mechanical properties of natural cartilage and tissue-engineered constructs. Tissue Eng B Rev, 17, 213–27
  • Marolt D, Augst A, Freed LE, et al. (2006). Bone and cartilage tissue constructs grown using human bone marrow stromal cells, silk scaffolds and rotating bioreactors. Biomaterials, 27, 6138–49
  • Matsiko A, Levingstone TJ, O'Brien FJ, Gleeson JP. (2012). Addition of hyaluronic acid improves cellular infiltration and promotes early-stage chondrogenesis in a collagen-based scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 11, 41–52
  • Mauck R, Byers B, Yuan X, Tuan R. (2007). Regulation of cartilaginous ECM gene transcription by chondrocytes and MSCs in 3D culture in response to dynamic loading. Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 6, 113–25
  • McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Rodkey WG, et al. (2011). Evaluation of intra-articular mesenchymal stem cells to augment healing of microfractured chondral defects. Arthroscopy, 27, 1552–61
  • McMahon L, Reid A, Campbell V, Prendergast P. (2008). Regulatory effects of mechanical strain on the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in a collagen-GAG scaffold: experimental and computational analysis. Ann Biomed Eng, 36, 185–94
  • Mehlhorn AT, Niemeyer P, Kaschte K, et al. (2007). Differential effects of BMP-2 and TGF-β1 on chondrogenic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells. Cell Proliferation, 40, 809–23
  • Meyer EG, Buckley CT, Steward AJ, Kelly DJ. (2011). The effect of cyclic hydrostatic pressure on the functional development of cartilaginous tissues engineered using bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 4, 1257–65
  • Miyanishi K, Trindade MCD, Lindsey DP, et al. (2006). Effects of hydrostatic pressure and transforming growth factor-β3 on adult human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis in vitro. Tissue Eng, 12, 1419–28
  • Mohan N, Nair PD, Tabata Y. (2009). A 3D biodegradable protein based matrix for cartilage tissue engineering and stem cell differentiation to cartilage. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 20, S49–60
  • Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Poole AR. (1992). Cartilage and diarthrodial joints as paradigms for hierarchical materials and structures. Biomaterials, 13, 67–97
  • Nakagawa T, Lee SY, Reddi AH. (2009). Induction of chondrogenesis from human embryonic stem cells without embryoid body formation by bone morphogenetic protein 7 and transforming growth factor beta1. Arthritis Rheum, 60, 3686–92
  • Newman RE, Yoo D, LeRoux MA, Danilkovitch-Miagkova A. (2009). Treatment of inflammatory diseases with mesenchymal stem cells. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets, 8, 110–23
  • Nguyen LH, Kudva AK, Saxena NS, Roy K. (2011). Engineering articular cartilage with spatially-varying matrix composition and mechanical properties from a single stem cell population using a multi-layered hydrogel. Biomaterials, 32, 6946–52
  • Ofek G, Revell CM, Hu JC, et al. (2008). Matrix development in self-assembly of articular cartilage. PLoS ONE, 3, e2795
  • Ogawa R, Mizuno S, Murphy GF, Orgill, DP. (2009). The effect of hydrostatic pressure on three-dimensional chondroinduction of human adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A, 15, 2937–45
  • Osiris Therapeutics (2012). Therapeutics: chondrogen. Available from: http://www.osiristx.com/prod_chondrogen.php [last accessed 4 December 2012]
  • Pelaez D, Huang CY, Cheung HS. (2009). Cyclic compression maintains viability and induces chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in fibrin gel scaffolds. Stem Cell Dev, 18, 93–102
  • Perrier E, Ronziere MC, Bareille R, et al. (2011). Analysis of collagen expression during chondrogenic induction of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Lett, 33, 2091–101
  • Puetzer JL, Williams JM, Gillies A, et al. (2013). The effects of cyclic hydrostatic pressure on viability and chondrogenesis of human adipose and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in 3-D agarose constructs. Tissue Eng Part A, 19, 299--306
  • Qi J, Chen A, You H, et al. (2011). Proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of CD105-positive enriched rat synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional porous scaffolds. Biomedical materials (Bristol, England), 6, 015006
  • Safshekan F, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Shokrgozar MA, et al. (2012). Intermittent hydrostatic pressure enhances growth factor-induced chondroinduction of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Artif Organs, 36, 1065--71
  • Sakao K, Takahashi KA, Arai Y, et al. (2008). Induction of chondrogenic phenotype in synovium-derived progenitor cells by intermittent hydrostatic pressure. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 16, 805–14
  • Schatti O, Grad S, Goldhahn J, et al. (2011). A combination of shear and dynamic compression leads to mechanically induced chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. Eur Cell Mater, 22, 214–25
  • Schinagl RM, Gurskis D, Chen AC, Sah RL. (1997). Depth-dependent confined compression modulus of full-thickness bovine articular cartilage. J Orthop Res, 15, 499–506
  • Schumann D, Kujat R, Zellner J, et al. (2006). Treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells with pulsed low intensity ultrasound enhances the chondrogenic phenotype in vitro. Biorheology, 43, 431–43
  • Solorio LD, Vieregge EL, Dhami CD, et al. (2012). Engineered cartilage via self-assembled hMSC sheets with incorporated biodegradable gelatin microspheres releasing transforming growth factor-beta1. J Control Release, 158, 224–32
  • Steinmetz NJ, Bryant SJ. (2011). The effects of intermittent dynamic loading on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human marrow stromal cells encapsulated in RGD-modified poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Acta Biomater, 7, 3829–40
  • Steward AJ, Wagner DR, Kelly DJ. (2013). The pericellular environment regulates cytoskeletal development and the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and determines their response to hydrostatic pressure. Eur Cell Mater, 25, 167–78
  • Tao Y, Shih J, Sinacore M, et al. (2011). Development and implementation of a perfusion-based high cell density cell banking process. Biotechnol Prog, 27, 824–9
  • Terraciano V, Hwang N, Moroni L, et al. (2007). Differential response of adult and embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cells to mechanical compression in hydrogels. Stem Cells, 25, 2730–8
  • Thorpe S, Buckley C, Vinardell T, et al. (2010). The response of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to dynamic compression following TGF-β3 induced chondrogenic differentiation. Ann Biomed Eng, 38, 2896–909
  • Toh WS, Lee EH, Guo XM, et al. (2010). Cartilage repair using hyaluronan hydrogel-encapsulated human embryonic stem cell-derived chondrogenic cells. Biomaterials, 31, 6968–80
  • Toh WS, Lim TC, Kurisawa M, Spector M. (2012). Modulation of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis in a tunable hyaluronic acid hydrogel microenvironment. Biomaterials, 33, 3835–45
  • Vet-Stem. (2012). Press releases. Available from: http://www.vet-stem.com/pr_detail.php?id=19 [last accessed 4 December 2012]
  • Vinardell T, Rolfe RA, Buckley CT, et al. (2012). Hydrostatic pressure acts to stabilise a chondrogenic phenotype in porcine joint tissue derived stem cells. Eur Cell Mater, 23, 121–32; discussion 33–4
  • Wilke MM, Nydam DV, Nixon AJ. (2007). Enhanced early chondrogenesis in articular defects following arthroscopic mesenchymal stem cell implantation in an equine model. Journal of Orthop Res, 25, 913–25
  • Yamashita A, Liu S, Woltjen K, et al. (2013). Cartilage tissue engineering identifies abnormal human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep, 3, 1978(1--6)
  • Yoon IS, Chung CW, Sung JH, et al. (2011). Proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in porous hyaluronic acid scaffold. J Biosci Bioeng, 112, 402–8
  • Zhang K, Zhang Y, Yan S, et al. (2013). Repair of an articular cartilage defect using adipose-derived stem cells loaded on a polyelectrolyte complex scaffold based on poly(l-glutamic acid) and chitosan. Acta Biomater, 9, 7276–88
  • Zscharnack M, Hepp P, Richter R, et al. (2010). Repair of chronic osteochondral defects using predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells in an ovine model. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, 1857–69
  • Zur Nieden NI, Kempka G, Rancourt DE, Ahr HJ. (2005). Induction of chondro-, osteo- and adipogenesis in embryonic stem cells by bone morphogenetic protein-2: effect of cofactors on differentiating lineages. BMC Dev Biol, 5, 1

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.