Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet

References

• Kolb H, Mandrup-Poulsen T. An immune origin of type 2 diabetes?. Diabetologia. 2005;48:1038–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2001;286:327–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spranger J, Kroke A, Möhlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes. Results of the prospective population-based European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Potsdam Study. Diabetes. 2003;52:812–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham MN, Hawa MI, Pfleger C, Roden M, Schernthaner G, Pozzilli P, et al. Pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients: Action LADA 4. Diabetologia. 2011;54:1630–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luotola K, Pietilä A, Zeller T, Moilanen L, Kähönen M, Nieminen MS, et al. Associations between interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene variations or IL-1 receptor antagonist levels and the development of type 2 diabetes. J Intern Med. 2011;269:322–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plomgaard P, Nielsen AR, Fischer CP, Mortensen OH, Broholm C, Penkowa M, et al. Associations between insulin resistance and TNF-alpha in plasma, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in humans with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2007;50:2562–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aderka D. The potential biological and clinical significance of the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1996;7:231–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurme M, Santtila S. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels are co-ordinately regulated by both IL-1Ra and IL-beta genes. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28:2598–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruotsalainen E, Salmenniemi U, Vauhkonen I, Pihlajamäki J, Punnonen K, Kainulainen S, et al. Changes in inflammatory cytokines are related to impaired glucose tolerance in offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2714–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Ricart W, Casamitjana R, Gutierrez C, Vendrell J, et al. Plasma levels of the soluble fraction of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 1998;47:1757–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier CA, Bobbioni E, Gabay C, Assimacopoulos-Jeannet F, Golay A, Dayer JM. IL-1 receptor antagonist serum levels are increased in human obesity: a possible link to the resistance to leptin?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1184–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somm E, Cettour-Rose P, Asensio C, Charollais A, Klein M, Theander-Carrillo C, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is upregulated during diet-induced obesity and regulates insulin sensitivity in rodents. Diabetologia. 2006;49:387–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herder C, Brunner EJ, Rathmann W, Strassburger K, Tabák AG, Schloot NC, et al. Elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist precede the onset of type 2 diabetes: the Whitehall II Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:421–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shai I, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, Mantzoros C, et al. A prospective study of soluble tumor necrosis factor-a receptor II (sTNFRII) and risk of coronary heart disease among women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1376–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewczas MA, Gohda T, Skupien J, Smiles AM, Walker WH, Rosetti F, et al. Circulating TNF receptors 1 and 2 predict ESRD in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:507–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb H, Manrup-Poulsen T. The global diabetes epidemic as a consequence of lifestyle-induced low-grade inflammation. Diabetologia. 2010;53:10–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volek JS, Phinney SD, Forsythe CE, Quann EE, Wood RJ, Puglisi MJ, et al. Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet. Lipids. 2009;44:297–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, Makris AP, Rosenbaum DL, Brill C, et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:147–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M, Babio N, Martínez-González MÁ, Ibarrola-Jurado N, Basora J, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet: results of the PREDIMED-Reus nutrition intervention randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:14–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guldbrand H, Dizdar B, Bunjaku B, Lindström T, Bachrach-Lindström M, Fredrikson M, et al. In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Diabetologia. 2012;55:2118–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Eng J Med. 2013;368:1279–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Giugliano F, Giugliano G, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1440–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiu S, Manson JA, Buring JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ridker PM. Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitive C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:492–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze MB, Hoffmann K, Manson JE, Willett WC, Meigs JB, Weikert C, et al. Dietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:675–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira MC, Menezes-Garcia Z, Henriques MC, Soriani FM, Pinho V, Faria AM, et al. Acute and sustained inflammation and metabolic dysfunction induced by high refined carbohydrate-containing diet in mice. Obesity. 2013;21:E396–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsythe CE, Phinney SD, Fernandez ML, Quann EE, Wood RJ, Bibus DM, et al. Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation. Lipids. 2008;43:65–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis NJ, Crandall JP, Gajavelli S, Berman JW, Tomuta N, Wylie-Rosett J, et al. Differential effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on inflammation and endothelial function in diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2011;25: 371–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leite JO, DeOgburn R, Ratliff J, Su R, Smyth JA, Volek JS, et al. Low-carbohydrate diets reduce lipid accumulation and arterial inflammation in guinea pigs fed a high-cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis. 2010;209;442–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasim-Karakas SE, Tsodikov A, Singh U, Jialal I. Responses to inflammatory markers to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet: effects of energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:774–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mena MP, Sacanella E, Vazquez-Agell M, Morales M, Fito M, Escoda R, et al. Inhibition of circulating immune cell activation: a molecular antiinflammatory effect of the Mediterranean diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:248–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urpi-Sarda M, Casas R, Chiva-Blanch G, Romero-Mamani ES, Valderas-Martínez P, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. The Mediterranean diet pattern and its main components are associated with lower plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor receptor 60 in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. J Nutr. 2012;142:1019–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Giugliano G, Esposito K, Marfella R, Cioffi M, et al. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation. 2002; 106:2067–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez F, Miium J, Rote NS, Kirwan JP. Altered tumor necrosis factor alpha release from mononuclear cells of obese reproductive-age women during hyperglycemia. Metabolism. 2006;55:271–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solga S, Alkhuraishe AR, Clark JM, Torbenson M, Greenwald A, Diehl AM, et al. Dietary composition and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49:1578–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devaraj S, Rogers J, Jialal I. Statins and biomarkers of inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007;9:33–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ajala O, English P, Pinkney J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:505–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mater-Davis EJ, et al. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;37(Suppl 1): S120–43.
   Google Scholar