Effectiveness of individual lifestyle interventions in reducing cardiovascular disease and risk factors

References

• Tunstall-Pedoe H, Woodward M, Tavendale R, A'Brook R, McCluskey M K. Comparison of the prediction by 27 different factors of coronary heart disease and death in men and women of the Scottish heart health study: cohort study. BMJ 1997; 315: 722–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silagy C, Muir J, Coulter A, Thorogood M, Roe L. Cardiovascular risk and attitudes to lifestyle: what do patients think. BMJ 1993; 306: 1657–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johannesson M, Agewall S, Hartford M, Hedner T, Fagerberg B. The cost-effectiveness of a cardiovascular multiple-risk-factor intervention programme in treated hypertensive men. J Intern Med 1995; 237: 19–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGehee M M, Johnson E Q, Rasmussen H M, Sanyow N, Lynch M M, Carey M. Benefits and costs of medical nutrition therapy by registered dietitians for patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 1041–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arroll B, Beaglehole R. Does physical activity lower blood pressure: a critical review of the clinical trials. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 439–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins D, Psaty B M, Koepsell T D, Longstreth W T, Larson E B. Cholesterol reduction and the risk for stroke in men: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 136–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin J A, Colditz G A. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 612–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graudal N A, Galloe A M, Garred P. Effects of sodium restriction on blood pressure, renin aldosterone, cathecolamines, cholesterols and triglyseride. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1998; 279: 1383–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley G, McClellan P. Antihypertensive effects of aerobic exercise. A brief meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 115–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgley J P, Matthew A G, Greenwood C MT, Logan A G. Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1996; 275: 1590–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon M F, Manuck S B, Matthews K A. Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: a quantitative review of primary prevention trials. BMJ 1990; 301: 309–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldridge N B, Gyatt G H, Fisher M E, Rimm A A. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomised clinical trials. JAMA 1988; 260: 945–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silagy C, Ketteridge S. Physician advice for smoking cessation. (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford 1998, Update Software
   Google Scholar
• Tang J L, Armitage J M, Lancaster T, Silagy C A, Fowler G H, Neil H AW. Systematic review of dietary intervention trials to lower blood total cholesterol in free-living subjects. BMJ 1998; 316: 1213–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman M H. Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension. Lancet 1994; 344: 307–11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilin L J. Non-pharmacological management of hypertension: optimal strategies for reducing cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 1994; 12(Suppl 10)S71–81
   Google Scholar
• Ebrahim S, Smith G D. Multiple risk factor interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford 1999, Update Software
   Google Scholar
• Guyatt G H, Sackett D L, Cook D J. Users' Guides to Medical Literature II: How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid. JAMA 1993; 270: 2598–601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt G H, Sackett D L, Cook D J. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature II: How to Use an Article About Therapy or Prevention, B. What where the results and will they help me in caring for my patients. JAMA 1994; 271: 59–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oman A D, Cook D J, Guyatt G H. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature VI: How to use an overview. JAMA 1994; 272: 1367–71
   Google Scholar
• Oman A D, Sacket D L, Guyatt G H. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature I: How to get started. JAMA 1993; 270: 2093–5
   Google Scholar
• Blair S N, Applegate W B, Dunn A L, Ettinger W H, Haskell W L, King A C, et al. Activity Counseling Trial (ACT): rationale design, and methods. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 1097–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King A C, Sallis J F, Dum A L, Simons-Morton D G, Albright C A, Cohen S, et al. Overview of the Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) intervention for promoting physical activity in primary health care settings. Activity Counseling Trial Research Group. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 1086–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randomised controlled trial evaluating cardiovascular screening and intervention in general practice: principal results of British family heart study. Family Heart Study Group. BMJ 1994; 308: 313–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyke S D, Wood D A, Kinmonth A L., Thompson S G. Change in coronary risk and coronary risk factor levels in couples following lifestyle intervention. The British Family Heart Study. Arch Family Med 1997; 6: 354–60
   Google Scholar
• Miettinen T A, Huttunen J K, Naukkarinen V, Strandberg T, Mattila S, Kumlin T, et al. Multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men. Risk factor changes, incidence and mortality. JAMA 1985; 254: 2097–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naukkarinen V A, Strandberg T E, Vanhanen H T, Salomaa W, Sarna S J, Miettinen T A. Mortality rates after multi-factorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Ann Med 1989; 21: 441–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandberg T E, Salomaa V V, Naukkarinen V A, Vanhanen H T, Sarna S J, Miettinen T A. Long-term mortality after multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men. JAMA 1991; 266: 1225–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandberg T E, Salomaa W, Naukkarinen V A, Vanhanen H T, Sarna S A, Miettinen T A. Cardiovascular morbidity and multifactorial primary prevention: fifteen-year follow-up of the Helsinki Businessmen Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1995; 5: 7–15
   Google Scholar
• de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin J L, Monjaud I, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994; 343: 1454–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin J L, Mamelle N, Monjaud I, Touboul P, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean type of diet on the rate of cardiovascular complications in patients with coronary artery disease. Insight into the cardioprotective effects of certain nutrients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 1103–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller L, Neaton J, Caggiula A, Falvo-Gerard L. Primary prevention of heart attacks: the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112: 185–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronary heart disease death, nonfatal acute, myocardial infarction and other clinical outcomes in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: risk factor changes and mortality results. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. JAMA 1982; 248: 1465–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortality rates after 10.5 years for participants In the Multiple Risk factor Intervention Trial. Findings related to a priori hypotheses of the trial. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. JAMA 1990; 263: 1795–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjerman I, Holme I, Velve B K, Leren B. Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1981; ii: 1303–10
   Google Scholar
• Holme I, Hjermann I, Helgeland A, Leren P. The Oslo Study: diet and antismoking advice. Additional results from a 5-year primary preventive trial in middle-aged men. Prev Med 1985; 14: 279–92
   Google Scholar
• Rose G, Colwell L. Randomised controlled trial of anti-smoking advice: final (20 year) results. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46: 75–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose G, Hamilton P J. A randomized controlled trial of the effect on middle-aged men of advice to stop smoking. J Epidemiol Community Health 1978; 32: 275–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose G, Hamilton P JS, Colwell L, Shipley M J. A randomised controlled trial of anti-smoking advise: 10-year results. J Epidemiol Community Health 1982; 36: 102–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumanyika S K, Hebert P R, Cutler J A, Lasser V I, Sugars C P, Steffen-Batey L, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of sodium reduction in the trials of hypertension prevention, phase I. Hypertension 1993; 22: 502–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens V J, Corrigan S A, Obarzanek E, Bernauer E, Cook N R, Hebert T, et al. Weight loss intervention in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 849–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP), Phase I. JAMA 1992; 267: 1213–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton P K, Kumanyika S K, Cook N R, Cutler J A, Borhani N O, Hennekens C H, et al. Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions in adults with high-normal blood pressure: results from phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65(2 Suppl)652S–60S
   Google Scholar
• Hämäläinen H, Luurila O J, Kallio V, Knuts L R, Arstila M, Hakkila J. Long-term reduction in sudden deaths after a multifactorial intervention programme in patients with myocardial infarction: 10-year results of a controlled investigation. Eur Heart J 1989; 10: 55–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallio V, Hämäläinen H, Hakkila J, Luurila O J. Reduction in sudden deaths by a multifactorial intervention programme after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1979; ii: 1091–4
   Google Scholar
• Burr M L, Gilbert J F, Holliday R M, Elwood P C, Fehily A M, Rogers S, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989; ii: 757–61
   Google Scholar
• Carson P, Phillips R, Lloyd M, Tucker H, Neophytou M, Buch N J, et al. Exercise after myocardial infarction: a controlled trial. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1982; 16: 147–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cupples M E, McKnight A. Randomised controlled trial of health promotion in general practice for patients at high cardiovascular risk. BMJ 1994; 309: 993–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallace P, Cutler S, Haines A. Randomised controlled trial of general practitioner intervention in patients with excessive alcohol consumption. BMJ 1988; 297: 663–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambrecht R, Niebauer J, Marburger C, Grunze M, Kälberer B, Hauer K, et al. Various intensities of leisure time physical activity in patients with coronary artery disease: effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and progression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 468–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis B R, Oberman A, Blaufox M D, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Zimbaldi N, Kuchner K, et al. Lack of effectiveness of a low-sodium/high-potassium diet in reducing antihypertensive medication requirements in overweight persons with mild hypertension. TAIM Research Group. Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 926–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langford H, Blaufox M D, Oberman A, Hawkins C M, Curb J D, Cutter G R, et al. Dietary therapy slows the return of hypertension after stopping prolonged medication. JAMA 1985; 253: 657–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R M, Rastogi S S, Verma R, Laxmi B, Singh R, Ghosh S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction: results of one year follow-up. BMJ 1992; 304: 1015–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Controlled trial of soya-bean oil in myocardial infarction. Research Committee to the Medical Research Council. Lancet 1968; 2: 693–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froelicher V, Jensen D, Genter F, Sullivan M, McKirnan M D, Witztum K, et al. A randomized trial of exercise training in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984; 252: 1291–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw L W. Effects of prescribed supervised exercise program on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients after a myocardial infarction. The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project. Am J Cardiol 1981; 48: 39–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agewall S, Wikstrand J, Samuelsson O, Persson B, Andersson O K, Fagerberg B. The efficacy of multiple risk factor intervention in treated hypertensive men during long-term follow up. J Intern Med 1994; 236: 651–9
   Google Scholar
• Vermeulen A, Lie K I, Durrer D. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: Changes in coronary risk factors and long-term prognosis. Am Heart J 1983; 105: 798–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niebauer J, Hambrecht R, Velich T, Marburger C, Hauer K, Kreuzer J, et al. Predictive value of lipid profile of salutary coronary angiographic changes in patients on a low-fat diet and physical exercise program. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 163–7
   Google Scholar
• Meland E, Laerum E, Ulvik R J. Effectiveness of two preventive interventions for coronary heart disease in primary care. Scand J Prim Health Care 1997; 15: 57–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European collaborative trial of multifactorial prevention of coronary heart disease: final report on the 6-year results. World Health Organisation European Collaborative Group. Lancet 1986; i: 869–72
   Google Scholar
• Wood P D, Stefanick M L, Dreon D M, Frey-Hewitt B, Garay S C, Williams I T, et al. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss trough dieting as compared with exercise. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1173–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction intervention on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high-normal blood pressure. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 657–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron J A, Gleason R, Crowe B, Mann J I. Preliminary trial of the effect of general practice based nutritional advice. Br J Gen Pract 1990; 40: 137–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming M F, Barry K L, Manwell L B, Johnson K, London R. Brief physician advice for problem alcohol drinkers. A randomized controlled trial in community-based primary care practices. JAMA 1997; 277: 1039–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert J R, Wilson D MC, Singer J, Lindsay E A, Willms D G, Best J A, et al. A family physician smoking cessation programme: an evaluation of the role of follow-up visits. Am J Prev Med 1992; 8: 91–5
   Google Scholar
• Haskell W L, Alderman E L, Fair J M, McMaron D J, Mackey S F, Superko H R, et al. Effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease: the Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project SCRIP. Circulation 1994; 89: 975–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Hypertension Prevention Trial: three-year effects of dietary changes on blood pressure. Hypertension Prevention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 153–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler R, Stamler J, Gosch F C, Civinelli J, Fishman J, McKeever P, et al. Primary prevention of hypertension by nutritional-hygienic means: final report of a randomized, controlled trial. JAMA 1989; 262: 1801–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler R, Stamler J, Grim R, Gosh F C, Elmer P, Dyer A, et al. Nutritional therapy for high blood pressure. Final report of a four year randomized controlled trial- the hypertension control program. JAMA 1987; 257: 1484–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsen S F, Knutsen R. The Tromsø Survey: The Family Intervention Study-the effect of intervention on some coronary risk factors and dietary habits, a 6-year follow-up. Prev Med 1991; 20: 197–212
   Google Scholar
• Effectiveness of health checks conducted by nurses in primary care: results of OXCHECK study after one year. Imperial Cancer Research Fund OXCHECK Study Group. BMJ 1994; 308: 308–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slama K, Redman S, Perkins J, Reid A LA, Sanson-Fisher R W. The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice: a randomised clinical trial. BMJ 1990; 300: 1707–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romelsjö A, Andersson L, Barrner H, Borg S, Granstrand C, Hultman O, et al. A randomized study of secondary prevention of early stage problem drinkers in primary health care. Br J Addict 1989; 84: 1319–27
   Google Scholar
• Jula A, Rönnemaa T, Rastas M, Karvetti R L, Mäki J. Long-term non-pharmacological treatment for mild to moderate hypertension. J Intern Med 1990; 227: 413–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peréz-Stable E J, Coates T J, Baron R B, Biró B S, Hauck W W, McHenry K S, et al. Comparison of a lifestyle modification program with propranolol use in the management of diastolic hypertension. J Gen Intern Med 1995; 10: 419–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marra S, Paolillo V, Spadaccini F, Angelino P F. Long-term follow-up after a controlled randomized post-myocardial infarction rehabilitation programme: Effects on morbidity and mortality. Eur Heart J 1985; 6: 656–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary prevention. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1413–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucher H C, Griffith L E, Guyatt G H. Effect of HMGcoA reductase inhibitors on stroke: a meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 89–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar