References
- Fahey J L., Barth W F., Solomon A. Serum hyperviscosity syndrome. JAMA 1965; 192: 464–7
- Somer T. Hyperviscosity syndrome in plasma cell dyscrasias. Adv Microcirc 1975; 6: 1–55
- Somer T. Rheology of paraproteinaemias and the plasma hyperviscosity syndrome. Baillier's Clin Haematol. 1987; 1: 695–723
- Lowe G DO. Guest editor. Blood rheology and hyperviscosity syndromes. Baillier's Clin Haematol. 1987; 1
- Clinical blood rheology, G DO Lowe. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton 1988; I-II
- Stuart J, Nash G B. Red cell deformability and haematological disorders. Blood Rev 1990; 4: 141–7
- Gelin L E. Rheological effects of dextran. Dextrans-current concepts of basic actions and clinical application., J R. Derrick, M Guest. Charles C Thomas, Springfield 1971
- Messmer K. Hemodiiution. Surg Clin North Am 1975; 55: 659–78
- Schmld-Schönbeln H. New trends in haemodilution and plasmapheresis: theory, in vivo, and in vitro, monitoring and results of 'antithixotropic' therapies. Clin Hemorheol 1985; 5: 899–916
- Lowe G DO. Rheological therapy. Clinical blood rheology, G DO Lowe. Florida CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton 1988; II
- Stoltz J F. Drugs affecting blood rheology: a review. Scand J Lab Clin Med 1981; 41(suppl. 156)287–90
- Stuart J, Marshall J. Therapeutic approaches to abnormalities of blood rheology in vascular disease. Supportive therapy in haematology., P C. Das, et al. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht 1985
- Ehrly A M. Therapeutic hemorheology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1991
- Larcan A, Stoltz J F. Microcirculation et hémorhéologie. Masson et Cie, Paris 1970
- Dintenfass L. Blood microrheology-viscosity factors in blood flow, ischaemia and thrombosis. Butterworths & amp; Co, London 1971
- The microcirculation in clinical medicine, R E. Wells. Academic Press, Inc., New York 1973
- Dintenfass L. Rheology of blood in diagnostic and preventive medicine. Butterworths, London 1976
- Cokelet G R., Meiselman H J., Brooks D E. Erythrocyte mechanics and blood flow. Kroc Foundation Series, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York 1980; 13
- Effros R M., Schmid-Schönbein H, Ditzel J. Microcirculation. Current physiologic, medical and surgical concepts. Academic Press, New York 1981
- Clinical aspects of blood viscosity and cell deformability., G DO Lowe, J C. Barbenel, C D. Forbes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1981
- Meiselman H J., Lichtman M A., LaCelle P L. White cell mechanics, basic science and clinical aspects. Kroc Foundation series, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York 1984; 16
- Clinical hemorheology, S Chien, J Dormandy, E Ernst, A Matral. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1987
- Wells R. Syndromes of hyperviscosity. N Engl J Med 1970; 283: 183–6
- Schmid-Schönbein H. Microrheology of erythrocytes, blood viscosity and the distribution of blood flow in the microcirculation. Int Rev Physiol 1976; 9: 1–62
- Larcan A, Stoltz J F. Hémorhéologie, hémodynamique et microcirculation. Premiere partie. J Mal Vascul 1989; 14: 240–53
- Copley A L. History of clinical hemorheology. Clin Hemorheol 1985; 5: 765–812
- Stuart J, Kenny M W. Blood rheology. J Clin Pathol 1980; 33: 417–29
- Bloch K J., Makl D G. Hyperviscosity syndromes associated with immunoglobulin abnormalities. Semin Hematol 1973; 10: 113–24
- Chien S. Red cell deformability and its relevance to blood flow. Annu Rev Physiol 1987; 49: 177–92
- Gaetghens P. Flow of blood through narrow capillaries. Biorheology 1980; 19: 183–9
- Reinke W P., Gaetghens P, Johnson P C. Blood viscosity in small tubes. Am J Physiol 1989; 253: 540–7
- Chien S. Biophysical behavior of red cells in suspensions. The red blood cell, M D, A C. Surgenor. Academic Press, New York 1975; II: 1031–1133
- Shiga T, Maeda N, Kon K. Erythrocyte rheology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1990; 10: 9–48
- Dintenfass L. Considerations of the internal viscosity of red cell and its effects on the viscosity of whole blood. Angiology 1962; 13: 333–44
- Brånemark P I. Intravascular anatomy of blood cells in man. Karger, Basel 1971
- Schmid-Schönbein H, Grunau G, Bräner H. The flow behaviour of blood. Exempla Haemorheologica. Hoechst AG, Frankfurt 1988
- Stoltz J F., Donner M. Hemorheology: importance of erythrocyte aggregation. Clin Hemorheol 1987; 7: 15–23
- Rampling M W. Red cell aggregation and yield stress. Clinical blood rheology, G DO Lowe. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton 1988; I
- Wells R E., Jr. Rheology of blood in the microvasculature. N Engl J Med 1964; 270: 832–9, 889-93
- Boisseau M R. Microcirculation and microrheology. Fish oil and bloodvessel wall interactions., P M. Vanhoutte, P Douste-Blazy. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris 1991
- Stoltz J F. Hemorheology: pathophysiological significance. Acta Med Portug 1985; 6: S4–13
- Stoltz J F., Donner M, Larcan A. Introduction to hemorheology: theoretical aspects and hyperviscosity syndromes. Int Angiol 1987; 6: 119–32
- Stuart J. The acute-phase reaction and haematological stress syndrome in vascular disease. Int J Microcirc: Clin Exp 1984; 3: 115–29
- Brown M M., Marshall J. Regulation of cerebral blood flow in response to changes in blood viscosity. Lancet 1985; i: 604–9
- Pearson T C. Rheology of the absolute polycythaemias. Baillier's Clin Haematol 1987; 1: 637–64
- Pearson T C. Rheology of polycythemias. Clinical blood rheology, G DO Lowe. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton 1988; II
- Murphy S. Polycythemia vera. DM 1992; 38: 155–212
- Replogle R L., Meiselman H J., Merrill E W. Clinical implications of blood rheology studies. Circulation 1967; 36: 148–60
- Rosenthal A, Nathan D G., Marty T L., et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of red cell volume in polycythemia of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Circulation 1970; 42: 297–307
- Thomas D J., Van den Boulay G H., Marshall J, et al. Cerebral blood flow in polycythaemia. Lancet 1977; ii: 161–3
- Linderkamp O. Blood rheology in the newborn infant. Baillier's Clin Haematol 1987; 1: 801–25
- Walker C MH. Rheology of the newborn and their disorders. Clinical blood rheology, G DO Lowe. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton 1988; II
- Pearson T C., Humphrey P RD, Thomas D J., Wetherley-Meln G. Haematocrit, blood viscosity, cerebral blood flow and vascular occlusion. Clinical Aspects of Blood Viscosity and Cell Deformability., G DO Lowe, J C. Barnebel, C D. Forber. Springer-Verlag, Basel 1981
- Kenny M W., Gyde O HB, Stuart J. Influence of cell size on erythrocyte deformability in treated polycythemia vera. Clin Hemorheol 1984; 4: 381–6
- Lichtman M A. The relationship of excessive white cell accumulation to vascular insufficiency in patients with leukemia. White cell mechanics: basic science and clinical aspects., H J. Meiselman, M A. Lichtman, P L. LaCelle. Alan R Liss, New York 1984
- Lichtman M A., Heal J, Rowe J M. Hyperleukocytic leukemia: rheological and clinical features and management. Baillier's Clin Haematol 1987; 1: 725–46
- Dintenfass L. Viscosity of the packed red and white blood cells. Exp Mol Pathol 1965; 4: 597–600
- Chlen S, Sung K LP, Schmid-Schönbeln G W., et al. Rheology of leukocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1987; 516: 333–47
- Moessmer G, Meiselman H J. A new micropore filtration approach to the analysis of white cell rheology. Biorheology 1990; 27: 829–48
- Needham D, Hochmuth R M. Rapid flow of passive neutrophils into a 4 m pipet and measurement of cytoplasmic viscosity. J Biomech Engin 1990; 112: 269–76
- Lichtman M A. Rheology of leukocytes, leukocyte suspensions and blood in leukemia: possible relationship to clinical manifestations. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 350–8
- Preston F E., Sokol R J., Lilleyman J S., Winfield D A., Blackburn E K. Cellular hyperviscosity as a cause of neurological symptoms in leukaemia. Br Med J 1978; 1: 476–8
- Bagge U, Brånemark P I. White cell rheology. An intravital study in man. Adv Microcirc 1977; 7: 1–17
- Stuart J. Erythrocyte rheology. J Clin Pathol 1985; 38: 965–77
- Skalak R, Chlen S. Handbook of Bioengineering. McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York 1989
- Pfafferott C, Wenby R, Meiselman H J. Morphologic and internal viscosity aspects of RBC rheologic behaviour. Blood Cells 1982; 8: 65–78
- Dintenfass L. Rheology of the packed red blood cells containing hemoglobins A-A, S-A and S-S. J Lab Clin Med 1964; 64: 594–600
- Serjeant G R. Sickle cell disease. University Press, Oxford, UK 1985
- Ferrone F A. Sickle hemoglobin polymerization: the relationship between kinetics and pathophysiology. Clin Hemorheol 1992; 12: 163–75
- Hebbel R P. Beyond hemoglobin polymerization: the red blood cell membrane and sickle disease pathophysiology. Blood 1991; 77: 214–37
- Suglhara K, Hebbel R P. Multiple mechanisms of sickle erythrocyte adherence to vascular endothelial cells. Clin Hemorheol 1992; 12: 185–9
- Brugnara C. K transport and red cell dehydration in sickle and normal erythrocytes. Clin Hemorheol 1992; 12: 177–84
- Kaul D K. Microvascular flow behavior of red cells in sickle cell anemia. Clin Hemorheol 1992; 12: 191–202
- Stuart J, Johnson C S. Rheology of the sickle cell disorders. Baillier's Clin Haematol 1987; 1: 745–75
- Stuart J. Rheological consequences of sickle cell dehydration. Clin Hemorheol 1992; 12: 203–16
- Kaul D K., Fabry M E., Nagel R L. Vaso-occlusion by sickle cells: evidence for selective trapping of dense red cells. Blood 1986; 68: 1162–6
- Chien S, Usami S, Bertles J F. Abnormal rheology of oxygenated blood in sickle cell anemia. J Clin Invest 1970; 49: 623–34
- Nash G B., Johnson C S., Meiselman H J. Effects of oxygen tension on the viscoelastic behavior of red blood cells in sickle ceil disease. Blood 1986; 67: 110–8
- Nash G B., Johnson C S., Meiselman H J. Mechanical properties of oxygenated red blood cells in sickle cell disease. Blood 1984; 63: 73–82
- Home M K. Sickle cell anemia as a rheologic disease. Am J Med 1981; 70: 288–98
- Leblond P F. Hemorheology and blood diseases. Clinical Hemorheology., S Chien, J Dormandy, E Ernst, A Matrai. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1987
- Fahraeus R. The suspension stability of the blood. Physiol Rev 1929; 9: 241–74
- Ditzel J. Relationship of blood protein composition to intravascular erythrocyte aggregation. Clinical and experimental studies. Acta Med Scand 1959, suppl 343
- Schmid-Schönbeln H, Gallasch G, Volger E, et al. Microrheology and protein chemistry of pathological red cell aggregation (blood sludge), studied in vitro. Biorheology 1973; 10: 213–27
- Dintenfass L. Influence of plasma proteins on the In vitro, and in vivo, rheological properties of blood. Clin Hemorheol 1985; 5: 191–206
- Rosenblum Wl, Asofsky R M. Factors affecting blood viscosity in macroglobulinemic mice. J Lab Clin Med 1968; 71: 201–11
- Dintenfass L, Somer T. On the aggregation of red cells in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia and multiple myeloma. Microvasc Res 1975; 9: 279–86
- Harkness J. The viscosity of human blood plasma: its measurement in health and disease. Biorheology 1971; 8: 171–93
- Abruzzo J L., Heimer R, Giuliano V, et al. The hyperviscosity syndrome, polysynovitis, polymyositis and an unusual 13S serum IgG component. Am J Med 1970; 49: 258–64
- Jasin H E., LoSpalluto J, Ziff M. Rheumatoid hyperviscosity syndrome. Am J Med 1970; 49: 484–93
- Engstrom R E., Holland G N., Hardy W D., Meiselman H J. Hemorheologic abnormalities in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and ophthalmic microvasculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1990; 109: 153–61
- Somer T. Polyclonal plasma hyperviscosity syndromes. Hémorhéologie et agrégation érythrocytaire. Third International Symposium. Editions Medicales Internationales, Paris 1992, (in press)
- Schwab P J., Fahey J L. Treatment of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia by plasmapheresis. N Engl J Med 1960; 263: 574–9
- Isbister J P. Plasma exchange in the management of hyperviscosity syndromes. Bibl Haematol 1981; 47: 228–41
- Euler H H., Schmitz N, Löffler H. Plasmapheresis in paraproteinemia. Blut 1985; 50: 321–30
- Reinhart W H., Van den Nydegger U, Mahler F, Straub P W. Plasmapheresis for hyperviscosity syndrome in macroglobulinemia Waldenstrom and multiple myeloma: Influence on blood rheology and microcirculation. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 119: 69–76
- Bull B S., Chien S, Dormandy J, et al. International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (Expert Panel on Blood Rheology). Guidelines for measurement of blood viscosity and erythrocyte deformability. Clin Hemorheol 1986; 6: 439–53
- Stuart J, Nash G B. Technological advances in blood rheology. Crit Rev Lab Sci 1990; 28: 61–93
- Bauersachs R M., Meiselman H J. Estimation of specific white cell mechanical properties via micropipette aspiration. Clin Hemorheol 1986; 6: 459