5
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Genetics and Molecular Biology of the Inherited Long QT Syndrome

Pages 419-425 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Jervell A, Lange-Nielsen F. Congenital deaf mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q-T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957; 54: 59–68
  • Levine S, Woodworth C. Congenital deaf mutism, prolonged Q-T interval, syncopal attacks and sudden death. N Engl J Med 1958; 259: 412
  • Fraser G R, Froggatt P, James T N. Congenital deafness associated with electrocardiographic abnormalities, fainting attacks and sudden death. J Med 1964; 33: 361
  • Romano C, Genrme G, Pongiglione R. Aritmie Cardiache rare dell'eta pediatrica. II. Assessi sincopali per fibrillozione ventricolare parossistics. (Presentazione del primo case della letteratura pediatrica italiana.). Clinic Paediate 1963; 45: 656
  • Ward O. Report to the Council for the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland. 1963
  • Ward O. A new familial cardiac syndrome in children. J, Jr Med Assoc 1964; 54: 103
  • Vincent G M, Timothy K W, Jaiswal D. Seventeen year study of a Romano-Ward Long QT family. Circulation 1989; 80: II-654
  • Vincent G M. Long-term follow-up of a family with Romano-Ward prolonged QT interval syndrome. Clinical aspects of ventricular repolarization, G S Butrous, P J Schwartz. Farrand Press, London 1989; 411–3
  • Keating M, Atkinson D, Dunn C, Timothy K, Vincent G M, Leppert M. Linkage of a cardiac arrhythmia, the long QT syndrome, and the Harvey ras-1 gene. Science 1991; 252: 704–6
  • Keating M, Atkinson D, Dunn C, Timothy K, Vincent G M, Leppart M. Consistent linkage of the long QT syndrome to the Harvey ras-1 locus on chromosome 11. Am J Hum Genet 1991; 49: 1335–9
  • Towbin J A, Pagotto L, Siu B, et al. Romano-Ward long QT syndrome (RWLQTS): evidence of genetic heterogeneity (Abstract). Pediatr Res 1992; 31: 23A
  • Curran M, Atkinson D, Timothy K, et al. Locus heterogeneity of autosomal dominant long QT syndrome. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 799–803
  • Benhorin J, Kalman Y M, Medina A, et al. Evidence of genetic heterogeneity in the long QT syndrome. Science 1993; 260: 1960–2
  • Akimoto K, Matsuoka R, Kasanuki H, Takao A, Hayakawa K, Hosoda S. Linkage analysis in a Japanese long QT syndrome family. Kokyu To Junkan 1993; 41: 463–5
  • Jeffrey S, Jamieson R, Patton M A, Till J. Long QT and Harvey-ras. Letter to the Editor. Lancet 1993; 339: 255
  • Vincent G M, Timothy K, Leppert M, Keating M. The spectrum of symptoms and QT interval in carriers of the gene for the Long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 846–52
  • Schwartz P J, Moss A J, Vincent G M, Crampton R S. Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome. An update. Circulation 1993; 88: 782–4
  • Weintraub R G, Cow R M, Wilkinson J L. The congenital long QT syndromes in childhood. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 16: 674–80
  • Garson A, Dick M, Fournier A, et al. The long QT syndrome in children. An international study of 287 patients. Circulation 1993; 87: 1866–72
  • Vincent G M, Jaiswal D, Timothy K W. Effects of exercise on heart rate, QT, QTc and QT/QS2 in the Romano-Ward inherited long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 498–503
  • Eggeling T, Hoeher M, Osterhues H H, Weismueller P, HombacK V. Significance of non-invasive diagnostic techniques in patients with long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 1421–6
  • Moss A J, Schwartz P J, Crampton R S, et al. The long QT syndrome; prospective longitudinal study of 328 families. Circulation 1991; 84: 1136–44
  • Schwartz P J, Bonazzi O, Locatl E, Napolitano C, Sala S. Pathogenesis an therapy of the idiopathic long QT syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 644: 112–41
  • Vincent G M. Hypothesis for the molecular physiology of the Romano-Ward long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 500–3
  • Jackman W M, Friday K J, Anderson J L, et al. The long QT syndromes: a critical review, new clinical observations and a unifying hypothesis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1988; 2: 115–72
  • Davidenko J M, Cohen L, Goodrow R, Antzelevltch C. Quinidine-induced action potential prolongation, early after-depolarizations, and triggered activity in canine purkinje fibers. Circulation 1989; 674–86
  • Levine J HK, Spear J F, Guarnierl T, et al. Cesium chloride-induced long QT syndrome of afterdepolarizations and triggered activity in vivo. Circulation 1985; 72: 1092–103
  • Hanich R F, Levine J H, Spear J F, Moore E N. Autonomic modulation of ventricular arrhythmias in cesium chloride-induced long QT syndrome. Circulation 1988; 77: 1149–61
  • Ben-David J, Zipes D P. Differential response to right and left ansae subclaviae stimulation of early afterdepolarizations and ventricular tachycardia induced by cesium in dogs. Circulation 1988; 78: 1241–50
  • Schechter E, Greeman C C, Lazzara R. After depolarizations as a mechanism for the long QT syndrome: electrophysiologic studies of a case. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 3: 1556–61
  • Gavrllescu S, Luca C. Right ventricular monophasic action potential in patients with long QT syndrome. Br Heart J 1978; 40: 1014–8
  • Bonatti V, Rolli A, Botti G. Monophasic action potential studies in human subjects with prolonged ventricular repolarization and long QT syndromes. Eur Heart J 1985; 6: 131–43
  • Ohe T, Kurita T, Aihara N, Kamakura S, Matsuhisa M, Shimomura K. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic studies in patients with torsades de pointe: role of monophasic action potentials. Jpn Circ J 1990; 54: 1323–30
  • Zhou J T, Zheng L R, Liu W Y. Role of early after depolarization in familial long QTU syndrome and Torsade de Pointes. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992; 15: 2164–8
  • Yatani A, Okabe K, Polakis P, Halenbeck R, McCormick F, Brown A M. Ras p21 and GAP inhibit coupling of muscarinic receptors to atrial K+ channels. Cell 1990; 61: 769–76
  • Yatani A, Okabe K, Codina J, Blrnbaumer L, Brown A M. Heart rate regulation by G proteins acting on the cardiac pacemaker channel. Science 1990; 249: 1163–6
  • Trahey M, Milley R J, Cole G E, et al. Biochemical and biological properties of the human N-ras p21 protein. Mol Cell Biol 1987; 7: 541–4
  • Antzelevitch C, Sicourl S, Litovsky S H, et al. Heterogeneity within the ventricular wall. Electrophysiology and pharmacology of epicardial, endocardial, and M cells. Circ Res 1991; 69: 1427–49
  • Antzelevltch C, Sicourl S. Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by after depolarizations. Role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity and torsades de pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 259–77
  • Fu Z, Timothy K, Fox J, Vincent G M. Beta-blockers markedly affect QT dispersion during exercise in long QT syndrome patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 93A
  • Linker N J, Colonna P, Kekwick A, Till J, Camm A J, Ward D E. Assessment of QT dispersion in symptomatic patients with congenital long QT syndromes. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 634–8
  • Day C P, McComb J M, Campbell R WF. QT dispersion: an indication of arrhythmic risk in patients with long QT intervals. Br Heart J 1990; 63: 342–4
  • Linker N J, Nunaln S O, Colonna P, Camm A J, Ward D E. Relationship between QT interval dispersion and arrhythmic events in patients with congenital long QT syndrome (Abstract). PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991; 14: 657
  • Abildskov J A, Vincent G M, Evan K, Burgess M J. Distribution of body surface ECG potentials in familial QT interval prolongation (Abstract). Am J Cardiol 1981; 47: 480
  • De Ambroggi L, Bertonl T, Locatl E, Stramba-Badiale M, Schwartz P J. Mapping of body surface potentials in patients with the idiopathic long QT syndrome. Circulation 1986; 74: 1334–45
  • Klnoshita O, Takabayashi Y, Tanaka M, Hongo M, Sekiguchi M. QRST isointegral maps in patients with Romano-Ward syndrome. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 1631–3
  • Schwartz P J, Peritl M, Malliani A. The long QT syndrome. Am Heart J 1975; 89: 378–90
  • Burch G E, Meyers R, Abildskov J A. A new electrocardio-graphic pattern observed in cerebrovascular accidents. Circulation 1954; 9: 719–23
  • Hugenholtz P. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in cerebral disorders, report of six cases, and a review of the literature. Am Heart J 1963; 63: 451–61
  • Yanowltz F, Preston J B, Ablidskov J A. Functional distribution of right and left stellate innervation to the ventricles. Production of neurogenic electrocardiographic changes by unilateral alterations of sympathetic tone. Circ Res 1966; 18: 416–28
  • Attar H, Gutierrez M, Beliet S, et al. Effect of stimulation of hypothalamus and reticular activating system on production of cardiac arrhythmias. Circ Res 1963; 12: 14–21
  • Mauck H D, Hockman C H. Central nervous system mechanisms mediating cardiac rate and rhythm. Am Heart J 1967; 74: 96–109
  • Schwartz P J. Sympathetic imbalance, and cardiac arrhythmias. Nervous control of cardiovascular function, W C Randall. Oxford University Press, New York 1984; 225–52
  • Priori S G, Mantica M, Schwartz P J. Delayed after-polarizations elicited in vivo by left stellate gangion stimulation. Circulation 1988; 78: 178–85
  • Schwartz P J, Locatl E, Priori S G, Zaza A. The long QT syndrome. Cardiac electro-physiology: from cell to bedside, D P Zipes, J Jalife. WD Saunders Co., Philadelphia 1990; 589–605
  • Zipes D P. The long QT interval syndrome. A rosetta stone for sympathetic related ventricular tachy arrhythmias. Circulation 1991; 84: 1414–9
  • Zipes D P. Influence of myocardial ischemia and infarction on autonomic innervation of the heart. Circulation 1990; 82: 1095–105
  • Gohl K, Feistel H, Welkei A, et al. Congenital myocardial sympathetic dysinnervation (CMSD) — a structural defect of idiopathic long QT syndrome. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991; 14: 1544–53
  • Muller K D, Jakob J, Neunzer S F, Frebe M, Pitchner Schlepper H F. 1-metaiodobenzylgluanidine scintigraphy in the detection of irregular regional sympathetic innervation of long QT syndrome. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 316–25
  • Calkins H, Lehmann M, Allman K, Wieland D, Schwaiger M. Scintigraphic pattern of regional cardiac sympathetic innervation in patients with familial long QT syndrome using positron emission tomography. Circulation 1993; 87: 1616–21
  • Malfatto G, Sun L S, Rosen T S. Bradycardia and long QT interval in neonate rats with delayed cardiac sympathetic innervation. J Auton Nerv Syst 1990; 30: 101–2
  • Ogawa S, Barnett J V, Sen L, Galper J B, Smith T W, Marsh J D. Direct contact between sympathetic neurons and rat cardiac myocytes in vitro increases expression of functional calcium channels. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1085–93

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.