Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Prediabetic Syndrome

References

• Welborn T A, Wearne K. Coronary heart disease incidence and cardiovascular mortality in Busselton with reference to glucose and insulin concentrations. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 154–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pyörälä K, Savolainen E, Kaukola S, Haapakoski J. Plasma insulin as coronary heart disease risk factor: relationship to other risk factors and predictive during 91/2 year follow-up of the Helsinki Policeman Study population. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1985; 701: 38–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eschwege E, Richard J L, Thibult N, et al. Coronary heart disease mortality in relation with diabetes, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. The Paris Prospective Study 10 years later. Horm Metab Res Suppl 1985; 15: 41–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orchard T J, Eichner J, Kuller L H, Becker D J, McCallum L M, Grandits G A. Insulin as a predictor of coronary heart disease: interaction with apolipoprotein E phenotype. A report from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Ann Epidemiol 1994; 4: 40–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welin L, Eriksson H, Larsson B, Ohlson L O, Svardsudd K, Tibblin G. Hyperinsulinemia is not a major coronary risk factor in elderly men. The study of men born in 1913. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 766–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso M, Sarlund H, Salonen R, et al. Asymptomatic atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 1068–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bressler P, Bailey S, Saad R, DeFronzo R A. Insulin resistance and coronary artery disease (CAD): the missing link. Diabetes 1992; 41(Suppl 1)24A
   Google Scholar
• Howard G, O'Leary D, Ayad M, Wagenknecht L, for the IRAS Investigators. Lower insulin sensitivity is related to atherosclerosis in non-diabetics. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetes 1994; 43(Suppl 1)60A
   Google Scholar
• Saad M F, Knowler W C, Pettitt D J, Nelson R G, Mott D M, Bennett P H. Sequential changes in serum insulin concentration during development of non-insulin dependent diabetes. Lancet 1989; i: 1356–9
   Google Scholar
• Sicree R A, Zimmet P Z, King H OM, Coventry J S. Plasma insulin response among Nauruans: prediction of deterioration in glucose tolerance over 6 years. Diabetes 1987; 36: 179–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Stern M P, Mitchell B D, Hazuda H P, Patterson J K. Incidence of type II diabetes in Mexican Americans predicted by fasting insulin and glucose levels, obesity, and body fat distribution. Diabetes 1990; 39: 283–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamman R F. Genetic and environmental determinants of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Diabetes Metab Rev 1992; 8: 287–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrom R W, Newell-Morris L L, Leonetti D L, Shuman W P, Wahl P W, Fujimoto W Y. Association of elevated fasting C-peptide level and increased intra-abdominal fat distribution with development of NIDDM in Japanese-American men. Diabetes 1990; 39: 104–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles M A, Fontbonne A, Thibult N, Warnet J M, Rosselin G E, Eschwege E. Risk factors for NIDDM in white populations: Paris Prospective Study. Diabetes 1991; 40: 796–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mykkänen L, Kuusisto J, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Cardiovascular disease risk factors as predictors of type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in elderly subjects. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 553–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warram J H, Martin B C, Krolewski A S, Soeldner J S, Kahn C R. Slow glucose removal rate and hyperinsulinemia precede the development of type II diabetes in the offspring of diabetic parents. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 909–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillioja S, Mott D M, Spraul M, et al. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N EnglJ Med 1993; 329: 1988–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler W C, Bennett P H, Hamman R F, et al. Diabetes incidence and prevalence in Pima Indians: a 19-fold greater incidence than in Rochester, Minnesota. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 108: 497–505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern M P, Gaskill S P, Hazuda H P, Gardner L I, Haffner S M. Does obesity explain excess prevalence of diabetes among Mexican Americans? Results of the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetologia 1983; 24: 272–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamman R F, Marshall J A, Baxter J, et al. Methods and prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a biethnic Colorado population: the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 295–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronoff S L, Bennett P H, Gorden P, Rushforth N, Miller M. Unexplained hyperinsulinemia in normal and ‘pre-diabetic’ Pima Indians compared with normal Caucasians: an example of racial differences in insulin secretion. Diabetes 1977; 26: 827–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Stern M P, Hazuda H P, Pugh J A, Patterson J K. Hyperinsulinemia in a population at high risk for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 220–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Bowsher R R, Mykkänen L, et al. Proinsulin and specific insulin concentrations in high and low risk populations for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1994; 43: 1490–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyko E J, Keane E M, Marshall J A, Hamman R F. Higher insulin and C-peptide concentrations in Hispanic population at high risk for NIDDM. Diabetes 1991; 40: 509–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagulesparan M, Savage P J, Knowler W G, et al. Increased in vivo insulin resistance in non-diabetic Pima Indians compared with Caucasians. Diabetes 1982; 31: 952–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Stern M P, Dunn J, Mobley M, Blackwell J, Bergman R N. Diminished insulin sensitivity and increased insulin response in non-obese non-diabetic Mexican Americans. Metabolism 1990; 39: 842–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris M I. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in black and white Americans. Diabetes Metab Rev 1990; 6: 71–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontbonne A, Eschwege E, Cambien F, et al. Hyper-triglyceridaemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Results from the 11 -year follow-up of the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 300–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osei K, Cottrell D A, Adenuwon C A, Ezenwaka E C, Akanji A O, O'Dorisio T M. Serum insulin and glucose concentrations in people at risk for type II diabetes: a comparative study of African Americans and Nigerians. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 1367–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rewers M, Wagenknecht L, Watanabe R M. Insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites: the Insulin Resistance Athero-sclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetes 1994; 43(Suppl 1)151A
   Google Scholar
• Mykkänen L, Kuusisto J, Hales C N, Pyörälä K, Laakso M, Haffner S M. Serum proinsulin levels are disproportionately increased in elderly prediabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 1176–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn S E, Leonetti D L, Prigeon R L, Boyko E J, Bergstrom R W, Fujimoto W Y. Proinsulin as a marker for the development of NIDDM in Japanese American men. Diabetes 1995; 44: 173–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton J D, Wentworth D, Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Diabetes, other risk factors and 12-year cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 434–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assmann G, Schulte H. The Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) Study: prevalence of hyperlipidemia in persons with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus and the relationship to coronary heart disease. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 1713–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia M J, McNamara P M, Gordon T, Kannell W B. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population: sixteen-year follow-up. Diabetes 1974; 23: 105–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diabetes Drafting Group. Prevalence of small vessel and large vessel disease in diabetic patients from 14 centres: the World Health Organization Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetics. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 615–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B EK, Moss S E, Davis M D, De Mets D L. Glycosylated hemoglobin predicts the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA 1988; 260: 2864–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller J H, Shipley M J, Rose G, Jarrett R J, Keen H. Coronary heart disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance: the Whitehall Study. Lancef 1980; i: 1373–6
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett R J. Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease – chicken, egg, or neither. Diabetologia 1984; 26: 99–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman J B, Medalie J H, Goldbourt U. Differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality between previously known and newly diagnosed adult diabetics. Diabetologia 1977; 13: 229–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso M, Lehto S, Penttilä I, Pyörälä K. Lipids and lipoproteins predicting coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Circulation 1993; 88: 1421–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuusisto J, Mykkänen L, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in the elderly subjects. Diabetes 1994; 43: 960–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven G M. 1988 Banting Lecture: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhillips J B, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard D L. Cardiovascular disease risk factors prior to the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a community of older adults. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131: 443–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medalie J H, Papier C M, Goldbourt U, Herman J B. Major factors in the development of diabetes mellitus in 10,000 men. Arch Int Med 1975; 135: 811–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pell S, D'Alonzo C A. Some aspects of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1975; 202: 104–10
   Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Stern M P, Hazuda H P, Mitchell B D, Patterson J K. Cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prediabetic individuals. Does the clock for coronary heart disease start ticking before the onset of clinical diabetes. JAMA 1990; 263: 2893–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman C T, Litvack F, Grundfest W, et al. Coronary angioscopy in patients with unstable angina pectoris. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 913–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWood M A, Spores J, Notske R, et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 897–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiman B, Hamsten A. The fibrinolytic enzyme system and its role in the etiology of thromboembolic disease. Semin Thromb Hemost 1990; 16: 207–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamsten A, Wiman B, De Faire U, Blomback M. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1557–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson T K, Johnson O. The extrinsic fibrinolytic system in survivors of myocardial infarction. Thromb Res 1987; 48: 621–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis R B, Kawanishi D, Baruch T, Mahrer P, Rahimtoola S, Feinstein D I. Impaired fibrinolysis in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 776–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olofsson B O, Dahlen G, Nilsson T K. Evidence for increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor and tissue plasminogen activator in plasma of patients with angiographically verified coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 1989; 10: 77–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamsten A, De Faire U, Walldius G, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 1987; 2: 3–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud M F, et al. Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 1986; 35: 250–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundell I B, Nilsson T K, Ranby M, Hallmans G, Hellsten G. Fibrinolytic variables are related to age, sex, blood pressure, and body build measurements: a cross-sectional study in Norsjö, Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 42: 719–23
   Google Scholar
• Asplund-Carlson A, Hamsten A, Wiman B, Carlson L A. Relationship between plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and VLDL triglyceride concentrations, insulin levels and insulin sensitivity: studies in randomly selected normo- and hypertriglyceridemic men. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 817–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mykkänen L, Rönnemaa T, Marniemi J, Haffner S M, Bergman R, Laakso M. Insulin sensitivity is not an independent determinant of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 1264–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land K, Stigendahl L, Eriksson E, et al. Abdominal obesity is associated with an impaired fibrinolytic activity and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Metabolism 1990; 39: 1044–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta J, Mehta P, Lawson D, Saldeen T. Plasma tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor levels in coronary artery disease: correlation with age and serum triglyceride concentrations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 9: 263–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordby G, Haaland A, Os I. Evidence of decreased fibrinolytic activity in hypertensive premenopausal women. Scand J Clin Lab 1992; 52: 275–81
   Google Scholar
• Juhan-Vague I, Roul C, Alessi M C, Adrissone J P, Heim M, Vague P. Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients relationship with plasma insulin. Thromb Haemost 1989; 61: 370–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landin K, Tengborn L, Smith U. Elevated fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in hypertension are related to metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Int Med 1990; 227: 273–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhan-Vague I, Alessi M C, Vague P. Increased plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels: a possible link between insulin resistance and atherothrombosis. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 457–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Vaidez R A, Hazuda H P, Mitchell B D, Morales P A, Stern M P. Prospective analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 1992; 41: 715–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan B, Schmidt M, Sharrett A R, Watson R, Brancati F, Heiss G. Association of fasting insulin with clustering of metabolic abnormalities in African Americans and whites. Diabetes 1994; 43(Suppl 1)150A
   Google Scholar
• Mykkänen L, Rönnemaa T, Laakso M. Low insulin sensitivity is associated with a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes 1994; 43(Suppl 1)150A
   Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Mykkänen L, Valdez R A, et al. Disproportionately increased proinsulin levels are associated with the insulin resistance syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1806–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modan M, Halkin H, Almog S, et al. Hyperinsulinemia: a link between hypertension, obesity, and glucose intolerance. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 809–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, et al. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 350–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo R A, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: a multi-faceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 173–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner S M. Insulin and blood pressure: fact or fantasy? (Editorial). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 541–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E, Haffner S M, Stern M P, et al. High blood pressure and insulin resistance: influence of ethnic background. Eur J Clin Invest 1991; 21: 280–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing R R, Bunker C H, Kuller L H, Matthews K A. Insulin, body mass index, and cardiovascular risk factors in premenopausal women. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 479–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Every N R, Boyko E J, Keane E M, Marshall J A, Rewers M, Hamman R F. Blood pressure, insulin, and C-peptide in San Luis Valley, Colorado. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 1543–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambien F, Warnet J, Eschwege E, Jacqueson A, Richard J L, Rosselin G. Body mass, blood pressure, glucose and lipids. Does plasma insulin explain their relationships. Arteriosclerosis 1987; 7: 197–202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dowse G K, Collins V R, Alberti K GMM, , for the Mauritius Non-Communicable Disease Study Group, et al. Insulin and blood pressure levels are not independently related in Mauritians of Asian Indian, Creole or Chinese origin. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 297–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller D C, Elahi D, Pratley R E, Tobin J D, Andres R. An epidemiological test of the hyperinsulinemia-hyper-tension hypothesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 544–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso M, Sarlund H, Mykkänen L. Essential hypertension and insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Eur J Clin Invest 1989; 19: 518–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonora E, Moghetti P, Zenere M, Tosi F, Travia D, Muggeo M. β cell secretion and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive and normotensive obese subjects. Int J Obesity 1990; 14: 735–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollare T, Lit hell H, Berne C. Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of primary hypertension, independent of obesity. Metabolism 1990; 39: 167–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad M F, Lillioja S, Nyomba B L, et al. Racial differences in the relation between blood pressure and insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 733–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkner B, Hulman S, Tannenbaum J, Kushner H. Insulin resistance and blood pressure in young black men. Hypertension 1990; 16: 706–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius S, Gudbrandsson T, Jamerson K, Shahab S T, Andersson O. The hemodynamic link between insulin resistance and hypertension. J Hypertens 1991; 9: 983–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niskanen L K, Uusitupa M l, Pyörälä K. The relationship of hyperinsulinemia to the development of hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients and in non-diabetic subjects. J Hum Hypertens 1991; 5: 155–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarfors E T, Lithell H O, Selinus I. Risk factors for the development of hypertension: a 10-year longitudinal study in middle-aged men. J Hypertens 1991; 9: 217–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissner L, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Kristjansson K, Wedel H. Fasting insulin in relation to subsequent blood pressure changes and hypertension in women. Hypertension 1992; 20: 797–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetterly S M, Rewers M, Hamman R, Marshall J A. Patterns and predictors of hypertension incidence among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites: the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 1095–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Ferrannini E, Hazuda H P, Stern M P. Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prehypertensive individuals. Hypertension 1992; 20: 38–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lithell H OL. Effect of antihypertensive drugs on insulin, glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 203–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson C, Blohme G, Lapidus L, et al. Do antihypertensive drugs precipitate diabetes. BMJ 1984; 289: 1495–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales P A, Mitchell B D, Valdez R A, Hazuda H P, Stern M P, Haffner S M. Incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in hypertensive subjects. The San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes 1993; 42: 154–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer A R, Stamler J, Shekelle R B, et al. Relative weight and blood pressure in four Chicago epidemiologic studies. J Chron Dis 1982; 35: 897–908
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olefsky J, Kolterman O G, Scarlett J A. Insulin action and resistance in obesity and non-insulin dependent type II diabetes mellitus. Ann J Med 1982; 243: E15–30
   Google Scholar
• Temple R C, Carrington C A, Luzio S D, et al. Insulin deficiency in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Lancet 1989; i: 293–5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward W K, LaCava E C, Paquette T L, Beard J C, Wallum B J, Porte D. Disproportionate elevation of immuno-reactive proinsulin in type II (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus and in experimental insulin resistance. Diabetologia 1987; 30: 698–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad M F, Kahn S E, Nelson R G, et al. Disproportionately elevated proinsulin in Pima Indians with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 1247–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies M, Rayman G, Gray I P, Day J L, Hales C N. Insulin deficiency and increased plasma concentrations of intact and 32/33 split proinsulin in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Med 1993; 10: 313–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagi D K, Hendra T J, Ryle A J, et al. The relationship of concentrations of insulin, intact proinsulin, and 32–33 split proinsulin with cardiovascular risk factors in type II (non-insulin dependent) diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 532–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Mykkänen L, Stern M P, Valdez R A, Heisserman J A, Bowsher R R. Relationship of proinsulin and insulin to cardiovascular risk factors in non-diabetic subjects. Diabetes 1993; 42: 1297–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchard T J, Becker D J, Bates M, Kuller L H, Drash A L. Plasma insulin and lipoprotein concentrations: an atherogenic association. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 118: 326–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso M, Pyörälä K, Voutilainen E, Marniemi J. Plasma insulin and serum lipids and lipoproteins in middle-aged non-insulin dependent diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125: 611–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modan M, Halkin H, Lusky A, Segal P, Fuchs Z, Chetrit A. Hyperinsulinemia is characterized by jointly disturbed plasma VLDL, LDL, HDL levels: a population based study. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 227–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunt S C, Wu L L, Hopkins P N, et al. Apolipoprotein, low density lipoprotein subtraction, and insulin associations with familial combined hyperlipidemia: study of Utah patients with familial dyslipidemic hypertension. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 335–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zavaroni I, Bonora E, Pagliara M, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyper-insulinemia and normal glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 702–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laws A, King A C, Haskell W L, Reaven G M. Relation of fasting plasma insulin concentrations to high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in men. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 1636–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mykkänen L, Kuusisto J, Haffner S M, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Hyperinsulinemia predicts multiple atherogenic changes in lipoproteins in elderly subjects. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 518–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godsland I F, Crook D, Walkton C, Wynn V, Oliver M F. Influence of insulin resistance, secretion, and clearance on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure in healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 1030–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karhapää P, Voutilainen E, Kovanen P T, Laakso M. Insulin resistance in familial and non-familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 41–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barakat H A, Carpenter J W, McLendon V D, et al. Influence of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM on LDL structure and composition: possible link between hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis. Diabetes 1990; 39: 1527–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selby J V, Austin M A, Newman B, et al. LDL subclass phenotypes and the insulin resistance syndrome in women. Circulation 1993; 88: 381–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner S M, Mykkänen L, Valdez R A, Paidi M, Stern M P, Howard B V. Low density lipoprotein size and subclass pattern in a biethnic population. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 1623–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven G M, Chen Y DI, Jeppesen J, Maheux P, Krauss R M. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in individuals with small dense, low density lipoprotein particles. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 141–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouse J R, Parks J S, Schey H M, Kahl F R. Studies of low density lipoprotein molecular weight in human beings with coronary artery disease. J Lipid Res 1985; 26: 566–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin M A, Breslow J L, Hennekens C H, Buring J E, Willett W C, Krauss R M. Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1988; 260: 1917–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos H, Genest J J, Jr, Blijlevens E, et al. Low density lipoprotein particle size and coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 187–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott W GH, Lillioja S, Young H A, et al. Relationships between lipoprotein levels and in vivo insulin action in normal young white men. Insulin resistance is associated with lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in subjects with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 223–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mykkänen L, Haffner S M, Rönnemaa T, Bergman R, Leino A, Laakso M. Is there a sex difference in the association of plasma insulin level and insulin sensitivity with serum lipids and lipoproteins. Metabolism 1994; 43: 523–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg A, Helderman J H, Koffler M, Ayuso R, Rosen-Stock J, Raskin P. Relationship between lipoprotein levels and in vivo insulin action in normal young white men. Metabolism 1988; 37: 982–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso M, Sarlund H, Mykkänen L. Insulin resistance is associated with lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in subjects with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 223–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar