References
- Ezzati M, Henley SJ, Thun MJ, Lopez AD. Role of smoking in global and regional cardiovascular mortality. Circulation. 2005;112:489–497.
- Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, . Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case–control study. Lancet. 2004;364: 937–952.
- Kannel W, Higgins M. Smoking and hypertension as predictors of cardiovascular risk in population studies. J Hypertens. 1990;8 Suppl 5:S3–S5.
- Szczęch R, Hering D, Narkiewicz K. Smoking and cardiovascular risk: New mechanisms and further evidence for a ‘guilty’ verdict. J Hypertens. 2004;22:31–34.
- Mark AL. The sympathetic nervous system in hypertension: A potential long-term regulator of arterial pressure. J Hypertens. 1996;14 Suppl 5:S159–S165.
- Esler M, Lambert G, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Vaddadi G, Kaye D. Sympathetic nerve activity and neurotransmitter release in humans: Translation from pathophysiology into clinical practice. Acta Physiol Scand 2003;177:275–284.
- Grassi G. Assessment of sympathetic cardiovascular drive in human hypertension: Achievements and perspectives. Hypertension. 2009;54:690–697.
- Narkiewicz K, van de Borne PJH, Hausberg M, Cooley RL, Winniford MD, Somers VK. Cigarette smoking increases sympathetic outflow. Circulation. 1998;98:528–534.
- Hering D, Somers VK, Kara T, Kucharska W, Jurak P, Bieniaszewski L, Narkiewicz K. Sympathetic neural responses to smoking are age dependent. J Hypertens. 2006;24:691–695.
- Narkiewicz K, Kjeldsen SE, Hedner T. Is smoking a causative factor of hypertension? Blood Press. 2005;14:69–71.
- Mann SJ, James GD, Wang RS, Pickering TG. Elevation of ambulatory SBP in hypertensive smokers. JAMA. 1991;265:2226–2228.
- Narkiewicz K, Maraglino G, Biasion T, Rosii G, Sanzuol F, Palatini P. Interactive effects of cigarettes and coffee on daytime systolic blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1995;13:965–970.
- Swierblewska E, Hering D, Kara T, Kunicka K, Kruszewski P, Bieniaszewski L, . An independent relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and pulse wave velocity in normal humans. J Hypertens. 2010 (in press).
- Laurent S, Katsahian S, Fassot C, Tropeano AI, Gautier I, Laloux B, . Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of fatal stroke in essential hypertension. Stroke. 2003;34: 1203–1206.
- Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, Gautier I, Benetos A, Lacolley P, . Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: A longitudinal study. Hypertension. 2002;39:10–15.
- Failla M, Grappiolo A, Carugo S, Calchera I, Giannattasio C, Mancia G. Effects of cigarette smoking on carotid and radial arterial distensibility. J Hypertens. 1997;15: 1659–1664.
- Mahmud A, Feely J. Effects of smoking on arterial stiffness and pulse pressure amplification. Hypertension 2003;41:183–187.
- Kool MJ, Hoeks AP, Struijker Boudier HA, Reneman RS, Van Bortel LM. Short- and long-term effects of smoking on arterial wall properties in habitual smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:1881–1886.
- Liang YL, Shiel LM, Teede H, Kotsopoulos D, McNeil J, Cameron JD, . Effects of blood pressure, smoking and their interaction on carotid artery structure and function. Hypertension 2001;37:6–11.
- Mancia G, Groppelli A, Di Rienzo M, Castiglioni P, Parati G. Smoking impairs baroreflex sensitivity in humans. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:H1555–H1560.
- Argacha JF, Xhaët O, Gujic M, Adamopoulos D, Beloka S, Dreyfuss C, . Nicotine increases chemoreflex sensitivity to hypoxia in non-smokers. J Hypertens. 2008;26:284–294.
- Adamopoulos D, van de Borne P, Argacha JF. New insights into the sympathetic, endothelial and coronary effects of nicotine. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2008;35:458–463.
- Reims HM, Oparil S, Kjeldsen SE, Devereux RB, Julius S, Brady WE, .; LIFE Study Group. Losartan benefits over atenolol in non-smoking hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: The LIFE study. Blood Press. 2004;13:376–384.