683
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Benzodiazepine tapering: A prospective study

, , , &
Pages 273-282 | Accepted 14 Jan 2010, Published online: 15 Jul 2010

References

  • Ashton H. The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005;18:249–55.
  • Ashton H, Golding JF. Tranquillisers: Prevalence, predictors and possible consequences. Data from a large United Kingdom survey. Br J Addict 1989;84:541–6.
  • Gold MS, Miller NS, Stennie K, Populla-Vardi C. Epidemiology of benzodiazepine use and dependence. Psychiat Ann 1995;25:146–8.
  • Lader M. History of benzodiazepine dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat 1991;8:53–9.
  • Ladewig D. Abuse of benzodiazepines in Western European society—Incidence and prevalence, motives, drug acquisition. Pharamcopsychiatry 1983;16:103–6.
  • Balddessarini RJ. Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Goodman Gilman A, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th edition. New York: Pergamon Press; 1991. 383–435.
  • Balter MB, Uhlenhulth EH. The beneficial and adverse effects of hypnotics. J Clin Psychiat 1991;52 Suppl 7:16–23.
  • Ashton H. Protracted withdrawal syndromes from benzodiazepines. J Subst Abuse Treat 1991;8:19–28.
  • Ashton H. Toxicity and adverse consequences of benzodiazepine use. Psychiat Ann 1995;25:158–65.
  • Lader M, Morton S. The practical business of treatment—17: Benzodiazepine problems. Br J Addict 1991;86:823–8.
  • Rall TW. Hypnotics and sedatives; ethanol. Goodman Gilman A, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th edition. New York: Pergamon Press; 1991. 345–82.
  • Miller NS, Gold MS. Abuse, addiction, tolerance and dependence to benzodiazepines in medical and nonmedical populations, Am J Drug Alc Abuse 1991;17:27–37.
  • O’Brien CP. Benzodiazepine use, abuse, and dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66 Suppl 2:28–33.
  • Lader M, Russell J. Note on a report from the Mental Health Foundation Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of benzodiazepine dependence: Summary of a report from the Mental Health Foundation. Addiction 1993;88:1707–8.
  • Rickels K, Schweizer E, Weiss RN, Zavodnick S. Maintenance drug treatment for panic disorder. 11. Short- and long-term outcomes after drug taper. Arch Gen Psychiat 1993;50:61–8.
  • Roach JD, Meisch RA. Findings from self-administration research on addiction potential of benzodiazepines. Psychiat Ann 1995;25:153–7.
  • Schweizer E, Rickels K, Warren GC, Greenblatt DJ. Carbamazepine treatment in patients discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy. Arch Gen Psychiat 1991;48:448–52.
  • Fontaine R, Chouinard G, Annable L. Rebound anxiety in anxious patients after abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepine treatment. Am J Psychiat 1984;141:848–52.
  • Holton A, Riley P, Tyrer P. Factors predicting long-term outcome after chronic benzodiazepine therapy. J Affect Disord 1992;24:245–52.
  • Miller N-S. Liability and efficacy from long-term use of benzodiazepines. Documentation and interpretation. Psychiat Ann 1995;25:166–73.
  • Rickels K, Case WG, Schweizer E, Garcia-Espanan F, Fridman R. Long-term benzodiazepine users 3 years after participation in a discontinuation program. Am J Psychiat 1991;148:757–61.
  • Higgit A, Fonngy P, Poone B, Shine P. The prolonged benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome: Anxiety or hysteria? Acta Psychiat Scand 1990;82:165–8.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edition-revised. Washington, DC: The American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
  • Åsberg M, Perris C, Schalling D, Sedvall G. The comprehensive psychopathological rating scale: Development and applications of a psychiatric rating scale. Acta Psychiat Scand 1978;271 Suppl 1:5–69.
  • Axelsson R, Nilsson A, Christensson E, Björk A. Effects of amperozide in schizophrenia, an open study of a potent 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Psychopharmacology 1991;104:287–92.
  • Bertschy G, Viel JF, Ahyi RG. Depression in Benin: An assessment using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Seale and the principal component analysis. J Affect Disord 1992;25:173–80.
  • Nilsson A, Axelsson R. Lithium discontinuers. 11. Therapeutic outcome. Acta Psychiat Scand 1991;84:78–82.
  • Goekoop JG, Knoppert-Van der Klein EAM, Hoeksema T, Klinkhamer RA, Van Gaalen HAE, Van der Velde EA. The interrater reliability of a Dutch version of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. Acta Psychiat Scand 1991;83:202–5.
  • Carney MWP, Roth M, Garside RF. The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. Br J Psychiat 1965;11:659–74.
  • Davidson J, Pelton S, Krishnana KRR, MeLeod M, Raft D, Miller R, . An assessment of the Newcastle Anxiety Depression Index. Acta Psychiat Scand 1986;733:533–43.
  • Zimmerrnan M, Pfohl B, Stangi D, Coryell W. An American validation study of the Newcastle Diagnostic Scale. Br J Psychiat 1986;149:627–30.
  • Harzer K, Barchet R. Analyse von Benzodiazepinen und deren Hydrolysenprodukte, den Benzophenomen, durch Hochdruckfluessigkeits - chromatographie in umgekehrter Phase und ihre Anwendung auf biologisches Materia. J Chromatography 1977;132:83–90.
  • Schuetz H. Sereening von Benzodiazepinen. Aerztliches Laborator 1982;28:117–32.
  • Tönne U, Hiltunen AJ, Vikander B, Engelbrektsson K, Bergman H, Bergman L, . Neuropsychological changes during steady-state drug use, withdrawal and abstinence in primary benzodiazepine-dependent patients, Acta Psychiat Scand 1995;91:299–304.
  • McGregor C, Machin A, White JM. In-patient benzodiazepine withdrawal: Comparison of fixed and symptom-triggered taper methods. Drug Alcohol Rev 2003;22:175–80.
  • Vicens C, Fiol F, Llobera J, Campoamor F, Mateu C, Alegret S, . Withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: Randomised trial in family practice. Br J Gen Pract 2006;56:958–63.
  • Ashton H. Benzodiazepine withdrawal: An unfinished story. Br Med J 1984;288:1135–40.
  • Tönne U, Hiltunen AJ, Engelbrektsson K, Björwell H, Vikander B, Borg S. Personality characteristics in primary benzodiazepine-dependent patients: Comparison with controls and polydrug users. Pers Ind Diff 1998;24:797–804.
  • Feldman RS, Quenzer LF. Fundamentals of neuropharmacology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc.; 1984 315–465.
  • Tyrer P, Owen R, Dawling S. Gradual withdrawal of diazepam after long-term therapy. Lancet 1983;1:1402–6.
  • Busto U, Sellers EM, Naranjo CA, Cappell H, Sanches-Craig M, Sykora K. Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. New Engl J Med 1986;315:854–9.
  • Busto U, Sellers EM. Pharmacologic aspects of benzodiazepine tolerance and Dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat 1991;8:29–33.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.