Non-obsessive–compulsive anxiety disorders in child and adolescent mental health services – Are they underdiagnosed, and how accurate is referral information?

References

• Weiss DD, Last CG. Developmental variations in the prevalence and manifestation of anxiety disorders. In: Vasey MW, R. DM, eds. The developmental psychopathology of anxiety, pp. 27–42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Copeland WE, Angold A, Shanahan L, Costello JE. Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: the Great Smoky Mountains study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014;53:21–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salum GA, Desousa DA, do Rosário MC, Pine DS, Manfro GG. Pediatric anxiety disorders: from neuroscience to evidence-based clinical practice. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2013;35:S3–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw SP. Moderators and mediators of treatment outcome for youth with ADHD: understanding for whom and how interventions work. J Pediatr Psychol 2007;32:664–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciberras E, Lycett K, Efron D, Mensah F, Gerner B, Hiscock H. Anxiety in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2014;133:801–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen L, Plessen KJ, Nicholas J, Lundervold AJ. Is behavioral regulation in children with ADHD aggravated by comorbid anxiety disorder? J Atten Disord 2011;15:56–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcorn J, Miller SR, Ivanova I, Schulz KP, Kalmar J, Marks DJ, et al. Adolescent outcome of ADHD: impact of childhood conduct and anxiety disorders. CNS Spectrums 2004;9:668–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie GJ. Pediatric anxiety – underrecognized and undertreated. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2835–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiervang E, Stormark KM, Lundervold AJ, Heimann M, Goodman M, Posserud M, et al. Psychiatric disorders in Norwegian 8- to 10-year-olds: an epidemiological survey of prevalence, risk factors, and service use. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:438–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esbjorn BH, Hoeyer M, Dyrborg J, Leth I, Kendall PC. Prevalence and co-morbidity among anxiety disorders in a national cohort of psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 2010;24:866–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerness P, Harpold T, Petty C, Menard C, Zar-Kessler C, Biedermann J. Characterizing non-OCD anxiety disorders in psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. J Affect Disord 2008;105:213–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp S, Gilberg C. Swedish child and adolescent psychiatric out-patients. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;12:30–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriz S, Thomsen P. Doubling of the capacity of child psychiatric services in a region of southwestern Norway – how did it affect the composition of the clinical population? Nord J Psychiatry 2009;63:322–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogh F, Bukten MIK. Aktivitetsdata for psykisk helsevern for barn og unge 2013 [Activity data for mental health services for children and youth 2013]. Oslo: Helsedirektoratet, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Skirbekk B, Hansen BH, Oerbeck B, Kristensen H. The relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo, subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2011;39:513–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:980–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Villabø MA, Skirbekk B, Kristensen H. Validity of the K-SADS-PL anxiety and ADHD diagnoses. First Nordic Conference on Childhood Anxiety Disorders, København 1 June 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Shanee N, Apter A, Weizman A. Psychometric properties of the K-SADS-PL in an Israeli adolescent clinical population. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1997;34:179–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauth B, Magnusson P, Ferrari P, Petursson H. An Icelandic version of the Kiddie-SADS-PL: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and inter-rater reliability. Nord J Psychiatry 2008;62:379–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO World Health Organization. ICD-10. Classification of mental and behavioral disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen AL, Weisz JR. Assessing match and mismatch between practitioner-generated and standardized interview-generated diagnoses for clinic-referred children and adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002;70:158–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigstad B, Jørgensen K, Wickstrøm L. Changes in referrals to child and adolescent psychiatric services in Norway 1992–2001. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004;39:818–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubier JL, Drabick DAG. Co-occurring anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders: the roles of anxious symptoms, reactive aggression and shared risk processes. Clin Psychol Rev 2009;29:658–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen TS, Eisemann M, Kvernmo S. Predictors and moderators of outcome in child and adolescent anxiety and depression: a systematic review of psychological treatment studies. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;22:69–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halmøy A, Fasmer OB, Gillberg C, Haavik J. Occupational outcome in adult ADHD: impact of symptom profile, comorbid psychiatric problems, and treatment; a cross-sectional study of 414 clinically diagnosed adult ADHD patients. J Atten Disord 2009;13:175–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thienemann M. Introducing a structured interview into a clinical setting. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43: 1057–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoddard J, Stringaris A, Brotman MA, Montville D, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Irritability in child and adolescent anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2014;31:566–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoëga H, Furu K, Halldórsson M, Thomsen PH, Sourander A, Martikainen JE. Use of ADHD drugs in the Nordic countries: a population-based comparison study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011;123:360–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen MJ, Mors O, Thomsen PH. DSM-IV or ICD-10-DCR diagnoses in child and adolescent psychiatry: does it matter? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;14 335–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauth B, Levy SR, Juliusdottir G, Ferrari P, Petursson H. Implementing the semi-structured interview Kiddie-SADS-PL into an in-patient adolescent clinical setting: impact on frequency of diagnoses. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2008;2:14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sørensen MJ, Thomsen PH, Bilenberg N. Parent and child acceptability and staff evaluation of K-SADS-PL. A pilot study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;16:293–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar