Evaluation of Direct Immunofluorescence Assay and Cytological Examination in Comparison to Polymerase Chain Reaction of Conjunctival Swabs in Patients with Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis

References

• Dart JKG. Eye disease at a community health centre. BMJ 1986;293:1477–1480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones NP, Hayward JM, Khaw PT, et al. Function of an ophthalmic accident and emergency department: results of a six month survey. BMJ 1986;292:188–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tabbara KF. Chlamydia: trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. In Infections of the Eye. Tabbara KF, Hyndiuk RA, eds. London: Little, Brown, 1996: 433–451
   Google Scholar
• Tabbara KF, Ross-Degnan D. Blindness in Saudi Arabia. JAMA 1986;255:3378–3384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postema EJ, Remeijer L, van der Meijden WI. Epidemiology of genital chlamydial infections in patients with chlamydial conjunctivitis: a retrospective study. Genitourin Med 1996;72:203–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garland SM, Malatt A, Tabrizi S, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis, prevalence and association with genital tract infection. Med J Aust 1995;162:363–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallan AF. The epidemiology of trachoma. BJO 1931;15(7):369–411
   Google Scholar
• Taylor HR. Trachoma grading: a new grading scheme. Rev Int Trach Pathol Ocul Trop Subtrop Sante Publique 1987;64:175–181
   Google Scholar
• Persson K, Ronnerstam R, Svanberg L, Holmberg L. Maternaland infantile infection with chlamydia in a Swedish population. Acta Paediatr Scand 1981;70:101–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson K, Persson K, Hansson H, et al. Prevalence of nine different microorganisms in the female genital tract: a comparison between women from a venereal disease clinic and from a health control department. Br J Vener Dis 1979;55:429–433
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holland SM, Hudson AP, Bobo L, et al. Demonstration of chlamydial RNA and DNA during a culture-negative state. Infect Immun 1992;60:2040–2047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabrizi SN, Lees MI, Garland SM. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and culture techniques for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Mol Cell Probes 1993;7:357–360
   Google Scholar
• Kowalski RP, Uhrin M, Karenchak LM, et al. Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction test for detecting chlamydial DNA in adult chlamydial conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1016–1019
   Google Scholar
• Haller E, Auer-Grumbach P, Stuerzner D, et al. Evaluation of two nonculture antigen tests and three serotests for detection of anti-chlamydial antibodies in the diagnosis of ocular chlamydial infections. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1996;234:510–514
   Google Scholar
• Elnifro EM, Storey CC, Morris DJ, et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival swabs. Br J Ophthalmol 1997;81:497–500
   Google Scholar
• Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, et al Diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis: which laboratory test? Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:622–627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laibovitz RA, Solch S, Andriano K, et al. Pilot trial of cyclosporine 1% ophthalmic ointment in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Cornea 1993;12(4):315–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talley AR, Garcia-Ferrer F, Laycock KA, et al. The use of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:685–692
   Google Scholar
• Hammerschlag MR, Robin PM, Gelling M, et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in ocular and nasopharyngeal specimens from infants with conjunctivitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:293–297
   Google Scholar
• Bobo L, Munoz B, Viscidi R, et al. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis eye infection in Tanzania by polymerase chain reaction/enzyme immunoassay. Lancet 1991;338:847–850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javaloy J, Ferrer C, Vidal MT, Alió JL. Follicular conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in an infant Saharan population: molecular and clinical diagnosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:142–146
   Google Scholar
• Arumainayagam JT, Matthews RS, Uthayakumar S, et al. Evaluation of a novel solid-phase immunoassay, Clearview Chlamydia, for the rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:2813–2814
   Google Scholar
• Chernesky M, Jang D, Krepel J, et al. Impact of reference standard sensitivity on accuracy of rapid antigen detection assays and a leukocyte esterase dipstick for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in first-void urine specimens from men. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2777–2780
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi TK, Sato S, Tsubota K, et al. Cytological evaluation of adenoviral follicular conjunctivitis by cytobrush. Ophthalmologica 1991;202:156–160
   Google Scholar
• Madhavan HN, Rao SK, Natarajan K, et al. Evaluation of laboratory tests for diagnosis of chlamydial infections in conjunctival specimens. Indian J Med Res 1994;100:5–9
   Google Scholar
• Gordon YJ. Rapid diagnosis tests for infectious ocular disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1993;33:153–161
   Google Scholar
• Uchio E, Aoki K, Saitoh W, et al. Rapid diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis on conjunctivial swabs by 10-minute immunochromatography. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1294–1299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok S, Higuchi R. Avoiding false positives with PCR. Nature 1989;339:237–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedbrauk DL, Werner JC, Drevon AM. Inhibition of PCR by aqueous and vitreous fluids. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2643–2646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone RW, Hobson AC, Huang ML. Coamplified positive control detects inhibition of polymerase chain reactions. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:3185–3189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar